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Within the known universe,more than 99%of all observable matter is plasma,a state often highly dynamic and far from thermal,as well as mechanical,equilibrium.In particular,for our own solar-terrestrial system,various plasma active phenomena frequently occur such as solar flares,coronal plasma heating,solar wind acceleration,and coronal mass ejections in the solar atmosphere;interplanetary magnetic clouds and collisionless shock waves in interplanetary space;and geomagnetic
Within the known universe, more than 99% of all observable matter is plasma, a state often highly dynamic and far from thermal, as well as mechanical, equilibrium.In particular, for our own solar-terrestrial system, various plasma active phenomena frequently occur such as solar flares, coronal plasma heating, solar wind acceleration, and coronal mass ejections in the solar atmosphere; interplanetary magnetic clouds and collisionless shock waves in interplanetary space; and geomagnetic