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一、以劳动价值论作为森林生态效益经济计量的指导思想我们研究森林生态效益经济计量,以马克思的劳动价值论为基本指导思想。这是因为,森林生态效益是以森林的存在为前提,而森林则是人类劳动和自然双重作用的产物。(一)森林使用价值二重性。森林具有木材使用价值和生态效能使用价值,两者均是森林价值的物质承担者。因此,森林价值的实现就有两条不同的途径:(1)通过木材使用价值的让渡;(2)通过生态效能使用价值的让渡。前者是以木材产品形式通过市场交换实现的;后者是森林的集合效益,它以某一有林地使用价值的让渡来实现,或者由森林生态效能使用价值作用形成的有形产品进入市场交换来实现。有人认为,森林生态效能使用价值是一种无形使用价值,因此,凝结于森林中的价值量不能由此种使用价值来承担。①这种认识是值得商榷的,因为,如果这种认识成立,那么防护林的价值量该由何种使用价值来承担呢?对于无形使用价值(即不具备物质形态的使用价值)能否承担价值量的问题,马克思曾有过论述。他说,“服务是商品,
First, taking labor theory of value as the guiding principle of economic measurement of forest ecological benefits We study the economic measurement of ecological benefits of forests and take Marx’s labor theory of value as the basic guiding principle. This is because forest ecological benefits are premised on the existence of forests, which are the product of the dual roles of human labor and nature. (A) the value of the dual use of forests. Forests have value for use of wood and ecological utility, both of which are material bearers of forest values. Therefore, there are two different ways to realize the value of the forest: (1) the transfer of timber use value; and (2) the transfer of the value of ecological use. The former is realized through market exchange in the form of wood products. The latter is the collective efficiency of forests, which is realized through the transfer of the use value of a forested land or the market exchange by the tangible products formed by the use value of forest ecological efficiency . Some people think that the use value of forest ecological efficiency is an intangible use value, therefore, the value of the value of forest condensation can not be borne by such use value. ① This understanding is open to question because, if such an understanding is true, what value should be used for the value of shelterbelts? What is the value of intangible uselessness (ie, the uselessness that does not have the material form) Problem, Marx had discussed. He said, "Service is a commodity,