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一提及“方言”这个词儿,学人们就会自然地想起扬雄的《方言》一书,也就认为扬雄首先使用此词。其实不然,就文献记载而言,“方言”一词及《方言》书名都是首先见于东汉末年应劭的著作。就我浅见,直至十九世纪末,汉语里的“方言”意指各地的语言,它既包括现在意义的汉语各方言,也包括中国境内的少数民族语言,甚至被用来指称国外的语言。后来词义缩小了,仅指各地的汉语土话;在本世纪,随着中国现代语言学的兴起,专家们袭用传统词,赋予“方言”以科学的定义,例如“一种语言中跟标准语有区别的,只在一个地区使用的话,如汉语的粤方言、吴方言等”。近年又出现“地域方言”、“社会方言”两个术语。
As soon as the word “dialect” is mentioned, the learner naturally remembers Yang Xiong’s “dialect” and believes that Yang Xiong first used it. In actual fact, in terms of documentation, the term “dialect” and the title of “dialect” are the first works that should be found in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. As far as I can tell, until the end of the nineteenth century, “dialect” in Chinese means different languages, which include both Chinese dialects of current meaning and minority languages in China and even are used to refer to foreign languages. Later, the word meaning was reduced, referring only to the local Chinese dialects; in the present century, with the rise of modern Chinese linguistics, experts used the traditional words and given “dialects” a scientific definition, for example, “a language with standard language The difference is only used in one area, such as Chinese Cantonese dialect, Wu dialect, etc. ”. In recent years, there have been “geographical dialect”, “social dialect” two terms.