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美国近二十年来,敞车载重量从50～60吨增加到95～100吨,年平均走行公里由三万二千公里增加到十六万公里。在这种情况下,传统的车体结构、走行部、制动和车钩缓冲装置导致车轮、闸瓦、转向架的磨耗板与轴承支座的强烈磨损和车钩产生裂纹以及缓冲装置零件的破坏。为提高敞车质量,近年来制订了一系列改进措施,在试验室和运用条件下进行了考验。这些措施的要点如下:(1)建立机械漏斗敞车的完整体系,以使载重量为一万吨的卸车时间从3～4小时减到1小时;(2)制造重心低的车体,在不降低
In the past 20 years in the United States, the carrying capacity of open-topped wagons has increased from 50 to 60 tons to 95 to 100 tons with an average annual kilometer mileage increased from 32,000 kilometers to 160,000 kilometers. In this case, the conventional vehicle body structure, running gear, brake and coupler cushioning devices lead to strong wear of the wear plates and bearing supports of the wheels, brake shoes, bogies and cracks of the coupler as well as the destruction of the cushioning device parts. In order to improve the quality of the gondola, a series of improvement measures have been formulated in recent years, which have been tested under the conditions of laboratories and operation. The main points of these measures are as follows: (1) To establish a complete system of mechanical funnel gondolas so as to reduce the unloading time of 10,000 tons of load from 3 to 4 hours to 1 hour; (2) to manufacture a body of low center of gravity without reduce