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为了避免重复,突出关键词语,并使上下文衔接紧密,在句中有时会省略一个或几个句子成分,主要是将前面或后面已经出现的词语省略,或因为习惯用法而省略部分词语,此种语法手段被称为省略。省略的原则是不损害语法结构,不产生歧义。现结合近几年的高考试题就省略这一语法考查热点分析归纳, 以供大家参考。
热点1. 状语从句的省略
考题:
1. Every evening after dinner, if not____ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.(2009湖南卷)
A. being tired B. tiring
C. tired D. to be tired
2. —Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order_____.(2008福建卷)
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
3. —Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes. ______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.(2008安徽卷)
A. If ever B. If busy
C. If anything D. If possible
4. When_______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江卷)
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
解析:
1. C。考查条件状语从句的省略。完整句式为if I am not tired from work。
2. A。方式状语从句的省略。as (they are) told。
3. D。当状语从句中的主语且谓语是be或是it is / was时可同时省略。
4. C。 when doing sth作状语。compare和we是主动关系,用-ing形式表主动,从句主语和主句主语是在一致的前提下,when后面省略了we are。
考点提示:
1. 在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中, 如果谓语含有动词be,主语又与主句的主语一致或主语是it时,主谓语均可以省略。如:
She won’t come to the party unless (she is) invited. (条件状语从句)
I wonder why he didn’t do as (he was ) told to. (方式状语从句)
It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday. (比较状语从句)
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. (让步状语从句)
Please come to school as soon as (it is ) possible. (时间状语从句)
Fill in the blanks with articles where (it is) necessary. (地点状语从句)
2. 状语从句省略主语时,后边用现在分词表示该动词与省略主语的主语是主谓关系,用过去分词表示被动关系。 如:
Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
Once (he is) burnt, a child dare not touch the fire again.
热点2. 虚拟语气中if和should的省略
考题:
1. ______ fired, your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北卷)
A. Would you beB. Should you be
C. Will have been working
D. Had worked
解析: B。 在if引导的虚拟条件句中,如果从句中的谓语动词含有were, had, should等助动词或情态动词,可将连词if省略掉。
考点提示:
1. 虚拟语气中,if引导的条件状语从句,省略if,把were / should / had提到句首。如:
If we had known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.
→Had we known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.
2. 主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中省略should。如:
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.
类似的动词还有suggest / advise / ask / order / propose / request / require / Command等。
热点3: 定语从句中关系词的省略
考题:
What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (2005湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
解析: A。the way作先行词,后接定语从句,有三种表达形式:1. the way + that从句。2. the way + in which从句。 3. the way + 从句(省略了that或in which)。如教材中出现了较多的例句:It is their clothes, make-up and the way they walk that make people laugh.(P52 高一下)此题考查第三种形式。
考点提示:
1. 作定语的关系代词常可省略(非限制性定语从句除外)。如:He lost the watch(that / which) he bought a week ago.
2. 关系副词when / where / why有时也可省略。 如: This is the place (where) the accident happened yesterday.
3. the way, the time后面的定语从句,常省略关系词。如:I don’t like the way he speaks to others.
热点4: 替代性省略。
考题:
1. Don’t take too much of the medicine; it does you more harm than good if you ______. (2007江西卷)
A. do B. take
C. like D. have
2. — You should apologize to her, Barry.
— _______, but it’s not going to be easy. (2007浙江卷)
A. I suppose so B. I felt so
C. I prefer so D. I like to
解析:
1. A。do代替前面的动词短语take too much of the medicine。
2. A。 so指代前面所说的内容。
考点提示:
Not与think / suppose / believe / guess / expect / be afraid等连用,代替否定的宾语从句, so代替肯定的宾语从句。如:
Do you think he’s got the meaning of the text?
I expect so / I expect not.
热点5: 不定式中to的省略
考题:
1. — What’s the matter with Della?
— Well, her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party, but she still _______.
A. hopes to B. hopes so
C. hopes not D. hopes for
2. — It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
— _____ her this weekend? ( 2007全国卷I)
A. Why not visiting
B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visit
D. Why don’t visit
3. — Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
— Just a minute, I’ll have Bob ______ you to your room. (2007北京卷)
A. show B. shows
C. to show D. showing
解析:
1. A。不定式的省略一般保留不定式符号to,其完整形式为to go to the party。
2. C。考查why not do…固定句型结构。
3. A。考查have sb do sth结构用法。
考点提示:
1. 感官动词see / feel / hear / notice / watch / observe / listen to和使役动词let / make / have后接不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to, 但在被动语态中(let除外) to不能省略。
2. 动词help和介词but / except后的不定式作宾语时,有时省略to。如:He did nothing but wait all the time. 若句中but / except前无do / did / does的形式时,则to不能省略。
3. 不定式作表语时,若主语为what引导的主语从句,不定代词all作主语被定语从句修饰或含有…thing的定语从句作主语时,如果其前出现do的任何形式时不定式中的to可省略掉。如: All that he can do is (to) wait. / The only thing he could do was (to) wait.
4. 固定结构或句型中常省略to。 如:
can’t (help) but do…
Why not do…?
prefer to do……rather than do
热点6: 答语中对主语的省略
考题:
1. — Now let’s move on to another topic, Do you follow me?
— _______,Professor. (2007重庆卷)
A. No, I am not B. Yes, I will
C. No, I haven’t D. Yes, perfectly
2. —I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
—_______ good. (2006湖北卷)
A. Sound B. Sounded
C. Sounding D. Sounds
解析:1. D。由对话语境可知答语为Yes, I follow you perfectly的省略形式。
2. D。考查省略句, 回答上文 ‘it sounds good”, 省去it, it代替上文的具体内容,故答案为sounds。
热点7:宾语从句中that的省略
考题:
1. Having checked the doors were closed, and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(2007湖南卷)
A. whyB. that C. whenD. where
2. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action. (2006湖南卷)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
解析:
1. B。 the door were closed为checked的宾语,省略了that,and之后为第二个宾语从句,这个宾语从句中的that不能省略。
2. B。that在宾语从句中无词义,也不作任何成分,只起连接词作用。
考点提示:
that引导的宾语从句中,作动词的宾语时,that可以省略;作except / but / in等介词的宾语时,that不可省略;若动词后面接两个或两个以上的由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,其余的不可省略。如:
1. If you consider (that) she has only been studying English for six months, she speaks it very well.如果考虑到她学英语才6个月,那么她英语讲得非常不错。
2. Our English teacher is a good teacher except that he is too strict sometimes. 除了有时太严厉外,我们的英语老师是位好老师。
3. Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.(人教版高二上Unit9 P68)像这样的峰会能帮助人们理解世界上存在严重问题,并且知道还有时间采取行动。
巩固练习:
1. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting
C. being invited D. having invited
2. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in
3. —What should I do with the passage?
— _____ the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B. Found out
C. Find out D. To find out
4. —I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat.
—Not at all. _______.
A. I’ve no time B. I’drather not
C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
5. His handwriting is as good as, _______, his brother’s.
A. if not better B. if not better than
C. if it is better D. if better than
6. —Supposing you won a big prize, how would you deal with it?
— ______ I’d use it for my further study abroad.
A. Really B. It’s impossible!
C. Me D. Maybe you’re right.
7. When ______ help, one often says “Thank you”, or “It’s kind of you”.
A. offering? B. to offer
C. to be offered? D. offered
8. —Will you be able to finish your report today?
— _______.
A. I like it B. I hope so
C. I’ll do so D. I’d love it
Keys: 1.A 2. C3. C. 4. D5. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8. B
热点1. 状语从句的省略
考题:
1. Every evening after dinner, if not____ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.(2009湖南卷)
A. being tired B. tiring
C. tired D. to be tired
2. —Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order_____.(2008福建卷)
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
3. —Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes. ______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.(2008安徽卷)
A. If ever B. If busy
C. If anything D. If possible
4. When_______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江卷)
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
解析:
1. C。考查条件状语从句的省略。完整句式为if I am not tired from work。
2. A。方式状语从句的省略。as (they are) told。
3. D。当状语从句中的主语且谓语是be或是it is / was时可同时省略。
4. C。 when doing sth作状语。compare和we是主动关系,用-ing形式表主动,从句主语和主句主语是在一致的前提下,when后面省略了we are。
考点提示:
1. 在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中, 如果谓语含有动词be,主语又与主句的主语一致或主语是it时,主谓语均可以省略。如:
She won’t come to the party unless (she is) invited. (条件状语从句)
I wonder why he didn’t do as (he was ) told to. (方式状语从句)
It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday. (比较状语从句)
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. (让步状语从句)
Please come to school as soon as (it is ) possible. (时间状语从句)
Fill in the blanks with articles where (it is) necessary. (地点状语从句)
2. 状语从句省略主语时,后边用现在分词表示该动词与省略主语的主语是主谓关系,用过去分词表示被动关系。 如:
Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
Once (he is) burnt, a child dare not touch the fire again.
热点2. 虚拟语气中if和should的省略
考题:
1. ______ fired, your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北卷)
A. Would you beB. Should you be
C. Will have been working
D. Had worked
解析: B。 在if引导的虚拟条件句中,如果从句中的谓语动词含有were, had, should等助动词或情态动词,可将连词if省略掉。
考点提示:
1. 虚拟语气中,if引导的条件状语从句,省略if,把were / should / had提到句首。如:
If we had known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.
→Had we known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.
2. 主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中省略should。如:
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.
类似的动词还有suggest / advise / ask / order / propose / request / require / Command等。
热点3: 定语从句中关系词的省略
考题:
What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (2005湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
解析: A。the way作先行词,后接定语从句,有三种表达形式:1. the way + that从句。2. the way + in which从句。 3. the way + 从句(省略了that或in which)。如教材中出现了较多的例句:It is their clothes, make-up and the way they walk that make people laugh.(P52 高一下)此题考查第三种形式。
考点提示:
1. 作定语的关系代词常可省略(非限制性定语从句除外)。如:He lost the watch(that / which) he bought a week ago.
2. 关系副词when / where / why有时也可省略。 如: This is the place (where) the accident happened yesterday.
3. the way, the time后面的定语从句,常省略关系词。如:I don’t like the way he speaks to others.
热点4: 替代性省略。
考题:
1. Don’t take too much of the medicine; it does you more harm than good if you ______. (2007江西卷)
A. do B. take
C. like D. have
2. — You should apologize to her, Barry.
— _______, but it’s not going to be easy. (2007浙江卷)
A. I suppose so B. I felt so
C. I prefer so D. I like to
解析:
1. A。do代替前面的动词短语take too much of the medicine。
2. A。 so指代前面所说的内容。
考点提示:
Not与think / suppose / believe / guess / expect / be afraid等连用,代替否定的宾语从句, so代替肯定的宾语从句。如:
Do you think he’s got the meaning of the text?
I expect so / I expect not.
热点5: 不定式中to的省略
考题:
1. — What’s the matter with Della?
— Well, her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party, but she still _______.
A. hopes to B. hopes so
C. hopes not D. hopes for
2. — It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
— _____ her this weekend? ( 2007全国卷I)
A. Why not visiting
B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visit
D. Why don’t visit
3. — Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
— Just a minute, I’ll have Bob ______ you to your room. (2007北京卷)
A. show B. shows
C. to show D. showing
解析:
1. A。不定式的省略一般保留不定式符号to,其完整形式为to go to the party。
2. C。考查why not do…固定句型结构。
3. A。考查have sb do sth结构用法。
考点提示:
1. 感官动词see / feel / hear / notice / watch / observe / listen to和使役动词let / make / have后接不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to, 但在被动语态中(let除外) to不能省略。
2. 动词help和介词but / except后的不定式作宾语时,有时省略to。如:He did nothing but wait all the time. 若句中but / except前无do / did / does的形式时,则to不能省略。
3. 不定式作表语时,若主语为what引导的主语从句,不定代词all作主语被定语从句修饰或含有…thing的定语从句作主语时,如果其前出现do的任何形式时不定式中的to可省略掉。如: All that he can do is (to) wait. / The only thing he could do was (to) wait.
4. 固定结构或句型中常省略to。 如:
can’t (help) but do…
Why not do…?
prefer to do……rather than do
热点6: 答语中对主语的省略
考题:
1. — Now let’s move on to another topic, Do you follow me?
— _______,Professor. (2007重庆卷)
A. No, I am not B. Yes, I will
C. No, I haven’t D. Yes, perfectly
2. —I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
—_______ good. (2006湖北卷)
A. Sound B. Sounded
C. Sounding D. Sounds
解析:1. D。由对话语境可知答语为Yes, I follow you perfectly的省略形式。
2. D。考查省略句, 回答上文 ‘it sounds good”, 省去it, it代替上文的具体内容,故答案为sounds。
热点7:宾语从句中that的省略
考题:
1. Having checked the doors were closed, and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(2007湖南卷)
A. whyB. that C. whenD. where
2. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action. (2006湖南卷)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
解析:
1. B。 the door were closed为checked的宾语,省略了that,and之后为第二个宾语从句,这个宾语从句中的that不能省略。
2. B。that在宾语从句中无词义,也不作任何成分,只起连接词作用。
考点提示:
that引导的宾语从句中,作动词的宾语时,that可以省略;作except / but / in等介词的宾语时,that不可省略;若动词后面接两个或两个以上的由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,其余的不可省略。如:
1. If you consider (that) she has only been studying English for six months, she speaks it very well.如果考虑到她学英语才6个月,那么她英语讲得非常不错。
2. Our English teacher is a good teacher except that he is too strict sometimes. 除了有时太严厉外,我们的英语老师是位好老师。
3. Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.(人教版高二上Unit9 P68)像这样的峰会能帮助人们理解世界上存在严重问题,并且知道还有时间采取行动。
巩固练习:
1. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting
C. being invited D. having invited
2. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in
3. —What should I do with the passage?
— _____ the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B. Found out
C. Find out D. To find out
4. —I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat.
—Not at all. _______.
A. I’ve no time B. I’drather not
C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
5. His handwriting is as good as, _______, his brother’s.
A. if not better B. if not better than
C. if it is better D. if better than
6. —Supposing you won a big prize, how would you deal with it?
— ______ I’d use it for my further study abroad.
A. Really B. It’s impossible!
C. Me D. Maybe you’re right.
7. When ______ help, one often says “Thank you”, or “It’s kind of you”.
A. offering? B. to offer
C. to be offered? D. offered
8. —Will you be able to finish your report today?
— _______.
A. I like it B. I hope so
C. I’ll do so D. I’d love it
Keys: 1.A 2. C3. C. 4. D5. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8. B