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古汉语里兼词的使用与修辞有关。不妨先看两例。①积土成山,风雨兴焉;积水成渊,蛟龙生焉;积善成德,则神明自得,圣心备焉。(《苟子·劝学》)②虽在贫穷徒处之孰,亦取象于是矣,夫是之谓吉人。(《荀子·仲尼》) 例①的“焉”与例②的“于是”意义完全相同。然面,例①的“焉”如果写成“于是”,那么,句式的整齐,节奏的和谐就会大受影响。同样,例②的“于是”换成“焉”,文气也不如原先顺当。但是,从语法的角度看,这种互换是无可非议的,因为它们是一对同义的语法现象。可见,是否选用兼词必须根据修辞的需要。既然如此,我们就可以说,兼词具有特殊的修辞功能。这功能大致表现为两点。一是可以使文辞更为简洁
The use of affixes in ancient Chinese is related to rhetoric. Let us first look at two cases. 1 The soil is filled with mountains, and the wind and rain thrive; the water becomes an abyss, and the dragons are born. If you accumulate good virtues, you will be content with God and the Sacred Heart will be prepared. (“Xunzi Encouragement”) 2 Although he is a poor student, he also chooses to be a character. (荀子仲尼尼) The “焉” of Example 1 is exactly the same as the “于” of Example 2. On the other hand, if the “焉” of Example 1 is written as “Yes,” then the neatness of the sentence pattern and the harmony of the rhythm will be greatly affected. In the same way, the “yet” of Example 2 was replaced by “焉”, and the atmosphere was not as good as the original. However, from the grammatical point of view, this kind of interchange is beyond reproach, because they are a synonymous grammatical phenomenon. Obviously, whether or not to use affixes must be based on rhetorical needs. That being the case, we can say that the participle has a special rhetorical function. This function is roughly represented by two points. One is to make the text more concise