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敦煌石窟是集佛教信众朝拜、修行、生活、丧葬多功能于一体的中国最大的石窟群,过去人们主要关注其中绘制壁画、彩塑佛像的礼佛窟,而对于其他门类的石窟知之甚少。敦煌北区石窟的考古调查与发掘,揭示出鲜为人知的佛教僧侣与信众们的修行生活以及死后依窟而葬的习俗,真实地再现了唐宋以来敦煌佛教社会的若干历史片断。本文重点对其中禅窟、僧房窟、瘗窟等三种类型石窟的考古发掘情况及其反映出的僧侣生活进行了阐述。
Dunhuang Grottoes is the largest group of grottoes in China, integrating worship, practice, life and funeral with Buddhist worshipers. In the past, people mainly focused on the Buddha’s cave where murals and colorful statues were drawn, while little is known about other types of grottoes. The archaeological investigation and excavation of the northern caves in Dunhuang reveal the practices of the little-known Buddhist monks and believers and their burial customs after death. They truly reproduce a number of historical fragments of Dunhuang Buddhist society since the Tang and Song dynasties. This article focuses on the archaeological excavations of the three types of caves, including the caves of the Zen Buddhism, the monasteries and the caves, and the monks’ lives reflected in them.