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在史前研究中,我们会发现不同地区的技术会有明显差异。比如在整个更新世,华北地区的旧石器显示不断精致化的趋势,在旧石器时代晚期出现了细石器,并扩散到青藏高原以及整个东北亚和西北美。而华南地区的旧石器技术和类型一直很少变化,以粗大的砾石工业为主。对于这种现象,我们常常从文化传统角度来解释,认为是不同的人群和技术传统造成了这种差异。还有,随着全新世初定居和农耕经济的开始,全球范围内的史前石器技术显示出一种普遍衰退的迹象,比较精致的打制技术被砸击技术所取代。托伦斯这篇文章从时间预算的角度为石器技术差异和变化的解释提供了一个崭新的视角,认为精致技术的发展是在时间压力之下,狩猎采集者为了减少觅食失败而加大技术投入的结果。这种具有时间压力的生存方式一般以狩猎为特点,因为猎物迁徙季节性强或转瞬即逝,所以必须加大技术投入确保狩猎成功,以免空手而归所造成的灾难性后果。这种技术精致的现象往往随纬度升高而越发明显,这是因为随着纬度的升高,猎物资源越趋单一,于是生存的希望完全仰仗技术工具的有效性,所以必须加大技术投入以提高工具的功效。而在南方,食物种类多,互补性强,而且大部分食物为植物,在采集利用上没有时间压力,所以缺乏改善技术和工具的动力。同样,随着人类的定居和流动性减少,生存方式和食物资源发生变化,以前那种要求精致技术的时间压力也随之消失,人们自然也就转向权宜性的石器技术。从这篇文章我们可以体会到人类学理论在考古材料解释上的价值,从生态适应来研究史前技术的差异和变迁,能够使我们从类型学的分析转向对人类行为的深入了解,从而能更好地进行历史的重建。
In prehistoric studies, we find that there are significant differences in technologies in different regions. For example, throughout the Pleistocene, the Paleolithic in northern China showed a tendency to be refined. In the late Paleolithic period, fine stoneware appeared and spread to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the entire Northeast Asia and Northwest America. Paleolithic technology and types in South China have been seldom changed, mainly to the coarse gravel industry. We often interpret this phenomenon from the perspective of cultural traditions, believing that differences are caused by different people and technological traditions. Also, with the beginning of the Holocene settlement and the start of the agrarian economy, prehistoric stoneware technologies worldwide showed signs of a general decline, and the more elaborate techniques were replaced by smashing techniques. Torrance This article provides a fresh perspective from a time budget perspective on the technical differences and changes in stoneware. It argues that the development of sophisticated technology is under time pressure, and hunting collectors have stepped up their efforts to reduce foraging failures The result of the investment. This time-stressed way of subsistence is generally characterized by hunting, as the migration of prey is seasonal or fleeting, and therefore the need to invest in technology to ensure the success of hunting to avoid catastrophic consequences of empty-handed return. This exquisite technique tends to become more apparent as the latitude increases. This is because the quarry resources become more and more monotonous as the latitude increases. Therefore, the hope of survival depends entirely on the effectiveness of technical tools. Therefore, technical input must be increased Improve the effectiveness of the tool. In the south, however, there are many kinds of food that are highly complementary to each other and most of the foods are plants. There is no time pressure in the collection and utilization of resources. Therefore, there is a lack of motivation to improve technologies and tools. Similarly, as human settlements and liquidity diminish, as well as patterns of subsistence and food resources change, the pressure of time and pressure on the exquisite techniques of the past to disappear, people naturally turn to exuberant stone tools. From this article, we can understand the value of anthropological theory in the interpretation of archeological materials. Studying the differences and changes of prehistoric techniques from ecological adaptation can shift us from the analysis of typology to the deep understanding of human behavior so as to make it more Good reconstruction of history.