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乳制品如牛奶、酸奶以及(鲜)奶酪是优质蛋白质、矿物质(如钙)、微量元素(如锌)以及维生素(例如维生素A、B_2、B_(12))等营养素的极好来源。在欧洲膳食中,如食物消费调查和膳食营养供给量建议所显示,乳制品对营养素摄入的贡献很大。在牛奶蛋白质中,高浓度的必需氨基酸平衡了植物性蛋白质(如小麦蛋白)中必需氨基酸的相对缺乏。牛奶蛋白质过敏的发生率在婴儿中约为2%～3%,儿童中为1%,因此没有理由不鼓励绝大多数的儿童食用牛奶。在西方膳食中,钙摄入量的60%～70%来自乳制品。如果膳食中没有乳制品,实际上就很难由食物满足钙的需求。鉴于钙对后期骨质疏松的预防作用,近年来科学家和公共卫生专家对儿童钙需要量和钙摄入量这一领域很感兴趣。显然,儿童期和青春期的骨骼增长是所谓的峰值骨密度(PBM)的一个重要决定因素。不充足的钙摄入将导致低的峰值骨密度,并增大了以后发展为骨质疏松的危险性。有人以非白种人的乳糖酶缺乏(乳糖不耐受)作为不鼓励牛奶消费的理由。这是将乳糖不耐受的问题强调过头了。实际上现在大多数意见认为,当把10g乳糖分散到一日内各餐中时,乳糖酶缺乏的个体至少可以耐受此量而无胃肠不适。而且,发酵乳制品如酸奶还有助于乳糖消化,因为微生物产生的乳糖酶有助于乳糖在肠道内的降解。
Dairy products such as milk, yogurt and (fresh) cheese are excellent sources of good protein, minerals such as calcium, trace elements such as zinc, and vitamins such as vitamins A, B_2 and B_ (12). In European diets, as suggested by food consumption surveys and dietary nutrient supply estimates, dairy products contribute significantly to nutrient intake. In milk proteins, high concentrations of essential amino acids balance the relative lack of essential amino acids in plant-derived proteins, such as wheat proteins. Milk protein allergy occurs in about 2% to 3% of infants and 1% of children, so there is no reason not to encourage the overwhelming majority of children to eat milk. In Western diets, 60% to 70% of calcium intake comes from dairy products. If there are no dairy products in the diet, it is actually very difficult for the food to satisfy the demand for calcium. In view of the preventive effect of calcium on osteoporosis in the future, scientists and public health experts are very much interested in the field of calcium requirement and calcium intake in children in recent years. Clearly, skeletal growth in childhood and adolescence is an important determinant of the so-called peak bone mineral density (PBM). Insufficient calcium intake leads to low peak BMD and increases the risk of developing osteoporosis later on. Some people use non-white lactase deficiency (lactose intolerance) as a reason to discourage milk consumption. This over-emphasizes the problem of lactose intolerance. In fact, the majority of opinions nowadays actually consider that when 10 g of lactose is spread into all meals in a day, the individual with lactase deficiency can tolerate this amount at least without gastrointestinal discomfort. Moreover, fermented dairy products, such as yogurt, also aid digestion of lactose because the lactase produced by the microorganisms assists in the degradation of lactose in the intestine.