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山东省第四纪玄武岩中含有数量、大小不等的幔源包体。这些包体主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩，以原生粒状和残斑结构为特征。包体中橄榄石的位错亚构造反映了上地幔高温蠕变机制。包体的平衡温度在８００—１１００℃之间，压力为０．８—２．０ＧＰａ，相应的来源深度为２８—６５ｋｍ。在该深度范围内，上地幔的流动应力为１３—２６ＭＰａ，应变速率为１０－１４—１０－２０ｓ－１，等效粘滞度为１０２０—１０２５Ｐａ·ｓ，符合大陆拉张带上地幔的特征。作者认为，中国东部上地幔在早第三纪或之前开始有底辟上涌，它导致岩石圈的减薄以及地壳的拉张，造成中国东部的拉张环境和裂谷的发育。上地幔的这种运动可能在新第三纪达到高峰，而在第四纪已减弱
Quaternary basalts in Shandong Province contain a number of mantle-derived inclusions of varying sizes. These inclusions are predominantly spinel lherzolites characterized by native grainy and stain structures. The dislocation sub-structure of olivine in the inclusions reflects the high-temperature creep mechanism of the upper mantle. The equilibrium temperature of inclusions is between 800-1100 ℃, the pressure is 0.8-2.0GPa, and the corresponding source depth is 28-65km. In this depth range, the upper mantle flow stress is 13-26MPa, the strain rate is 10-14-10-20s-1, and the equivalent viscosity is 1020-1025Pa · s, which is consistent with the features of the upper mantle . The author believes that the upper mantle in eastern China began to have a diapir upwelling at or before the Tertiary, which led to the thinning of the lithosphere and the extension of the crust, resulting in the tension environment and the development of rifts in eastern China. Such movements in the upper mantle may peak in the Neogene and decrease in Quaternary