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从20世纪80年代开始,为了扶贫开发和保护生态脆弱区的生态环境,中国政府在西部地区进行了一系列扶贫移民开发工程和生态移民工程,如80年代始于甘肃和宁夏的吊庄移民工程以及90年代后全面开展的退耕还林、还草、还牧工程等,这些工程为解除移民的贫困和缓解迁出地的生态危机起到了积极的作用。但在中国各地人口已经普遍超载的情况下,如何选择迁入地成了制约生态移民工程能否成功的瓶颈。我们在对甘肃省民勤县、宁夏月牙湖乡吊庄移民村、内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区以及青海三江源地区生态移民的调查中,都普遍发现了迁入地选择中存在的问题。由于选址不当,有些生态移民村已经出现了二次致贫,以及迁入地生态环境日趋恶化的现象。本文将根据我们对以上生态移民地区的调查结果,探讨生态移民迁入地选择的合理机制和标准,以期找到使生态移民更好地脱贫致富并不对迁入地的生态环境造成很大冲击的方法。我们的总体思路是,西部生态移民应该与中国的城市化进程结合起来,在条件允许的情况下,可以大胆尝试跨区域甚至跨省的迁移模式,使西部地区的生态问题得到彻底缓解。
Since the 1980s, in order to alleviate poverty and protect the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas, the Chinese government conducted a series of poverty alleviation development projects and ecological resettlement projects in the western region. For example, in the 1980s, As well as the project of returning farmland to forests, grasslands and animal husbandry that have been carried out since the 1990s. These projects have played a positive role in relieving the poverty of resettlers and alleviating the ecological crisis in their areas of emigration. However, under the circumstance that population has been overloaded in various parts of China, how to choose to move in has become a bottleneck restricting the success of eco-migration projects. In the survey of ecological immigrants in Minqin County of Gansu Province, Crane Relocation Village of Yueya Township in Ningxia, Ordos Prefecture in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai Sanjiangyuan Region, we found the problems in the selection of immigrants. Due to improper site selection, some eco-immigrant villages have already experienced secondary poverty and the deteriorating ecological environment. Based on our findings on the above ecologically-relocated areas, this paper explores the reasonable mechanisms and criteria for the selection of ecologically-relocated migrants, with a view to finding a way to make ecologically-reliant people better off poverty and not to have a great impact on the ecological environment of the places they move in . Our general idea is that the ecological migrants in the west should be integrated with the process of urbanization in China. When the conditions allow, we can boldly try to shift the mode of migration across regions and even the provinces so that the ecological problems in the western regions can be completely alleviated.