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Objective: To explore the levels of serum and ascitic fluid soluble tumor necrosis factor receptorp55 (sTNFR-p55) and understand their clinical implication in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the levels of sTNFRp55 in the serum and ascitic fluid in 25 HCC patients and 25 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). The test was also performed on the serum of 30 healthy subjects who served as control group. To assess the clinical effects of increased serum concentrations of sTNFR-p55, four parameters were analyzed by logistic regression.Results: Serum and ascitic fluid levels of sTNFR-p55 in HCC patients were significantly higher than those in LC patients and controls (P= 0. 001). No significant difference was found between serum sTNFR-p55 levels in the latter 2 groups (P=0.19), and positive correlation between serum levels of sTNFR-p55 and that in ascitic fluid was noted in the 2 patient groups (r=1.000, P＜0.001). Levels of the sTNFR-p55 positively correlated with TBIL and AFP in the peripheral blood of HCC patients (r=0.524, P = 0. 01 and r= 0. 234, P = 0. 03, respectively). Conclusion: Increased levels of sTNFRs-p55 in the serum and ascitic fluid could reflect the abnormal immune status of the HCC patients and may help predict the development of the tumor.