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石油供应与需求是当今世界关注的问题。 西欧的石油资源十分贫乏。本世纪五十年代到六十年代,随着中东石油的开发,西欧大量增加原油进口。结果,石油在共能源消费结构中所占的比 重迅速提高,西欧也成为世界上最大的原油净进口地区。 在西欧各个地区的能源消费结构中石油所占的比重是不相同的。这一差异首先是由当地能源(特别是煤炭)的地理分布特点所决定的。煤炭资源比较丰富的英国、比利时、西德等国,能源消费结构中石油所占的比重较低。而当地能源十分贫乏的国家如意大利、葡萄牙、希腊等就主要依靠进口原油。 西欧的原油供应主要来自西亚与非洲。在西欧各原油进口国与世界各主要原油出口地区间有着不同的组合关系。如北非原油主要到地中海沿岸各国,西非原油则多去北海沿岸国家,苏联原油则供应地中海沿岸及与东欧相邻的几国。这一组合关系主要与它们之间的相对位置有关。 在“石油危机”后,西欧的石油消费量略有减少,而能源消费结构中石油所占的比重下降较多。未来的趋势是:由于其他能源利用的扩大,石油的消费量将继续下降。但在本世纪末以前,石油仍将是西欧最主要的能源。在西欧各国之间,由于能源资源与石油消费水平的差异,将表现出不同的变化趋势。
Oil supply and demand are the concerns of the world today. Western Europe’s oil resources are very poor. From the 1950s to the 1960s, with the development of oil in the Middle East, crude oil imports increased substantially in western Europe. As a result, the share of oil in the total energy consumption structure has rapidly risen, and Western Europe has also become the world’s largest net importer of crude oil. The share of oil in the energy consumption structure in all parts of Western Europe is not the same. The difference is first and foremost determined by the geographical distribution of the local energy sources (especially coal). In the United Kingdom, Belgium, West Germany and other countries with rich coal resources, the share of oil in the energy consumption structure is relatively low. The countries with very poor local energy sources such as Italy, Portugal and Greece mainly rely on imported crude oil. Crude oil supplies in Western Europe come mainly from West Asia and Africa. In Western Europe, all the crude oil importers and the world’s major crude oil export regions have different combinations. For example, crude oil from North Africa mainly reaches countries along the Mediterranean coast, while crude oil from West Africa goes to countries along the North Sea coast. Soviet crude oil supplies the Mediterranean coast and several neighboring countries of Eastern Europe. This combination is mainly related to the relative position between them. After the “oil crisis”, oil consumption in Western Europe decreased slightly, while the share of oil in the energy consumption structure dropped more. The future trend is that consumption of oil will continue to decline due to the expansion of other energy uses. But until the turn of the century, oil will remain the dominant energy source in Western Europe. In Western European countries, due to differences in energy resources and oil consumption levels, they will show different trends.