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为分析实施封山育林后公益林群落结构、林分质量,探明次生演替趋势,研究公益林封山育林后群落结构变化,根据杭州市富阳区公益林的分布格局与森林类型等基本特征;运用森林生态野外观测、试验分析、数理统计分析等方法,建立固定监测样地88个,并对固定样地进行跟踪调查,定期研究森林群落相关因子,并运用实测数据对其进行计量研究。结果表明富阳区公益林林分质量显著提高,2009—2014年5年间阔叶林的幼龄林密度极显著地增加了325.00株/hm~2(27.4%,P<0.01),平均胸径显著增长了0.65cm(8.2%,P<0.05),群落生物量增加了4.53t/hm~2(5.7%);中龄林平均胸径增长了0.23cm(2.1%),群落生物量极显著地增加了18.55t/hm~2(15.9%,P<0.01)。5年间针阔混交林3个龄组的密度略有增加,幼龄林的平均胸径增加最多,增加了1.07cm(12.8%);幼龄林的群落生物量增加最多,极显著地增加了20.59t/hm~2(20.7%,P<0.01),中龄林的群落生物量极显著地增加了12.14t/hm~2(11.5%,P<0.01)。对比富阳区公益林2009年和2014年林龄结构,幼龄林、中龄林面积减少,近熟林和成熟林面积增加;阔叶林的幼龄林基本不变,中龄林比例下降,向近熟林变化;针阔混交林的幼龄林比例下降,中龄林和近熟林比例提高,说明5年内针阔混交林的幼龄林逐渐进入中龄阶段,同时中龄林也进入中近熟林阶段。富阳区公益林经过5年的封育,针阔混交林和阔叶林中的阔叶树种比例都有不同程度的增加,在针叶林中柏木(Cupressus funebris Endl.)和黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana Hance)相对优势度增加最多;在阔叶林中木荷(Schima crenata)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)、野鸦椿(Euscaphis japonica)的相对优势度增加最多,南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的相对优势度减少最多;在针阔混交林中,樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、檫木(Sassafras tzumu)、木荷的相对优势度增加最多,苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、柏木、野鸦椿的相对优势度减少最多。林内更新层阔叶树种资源丰富的针叶林和针阔混交林,应采用封育管护,以实现由针叶林向针阔混交林方向、针阔混交林向阔叶林方向发展。对一些郁闭度较高或林内目的树种匮乏的林分应进行适当抚育,通过人工栽培、种植阔叶树等措施,以提高公益林内物种多样性,迅速增加公益林的生态效益。
In order to analyze the community structure, stand quality and provenance of secondary forests after closing hillsides, the changes of community structure after closing hillsides were studied. According to the distribution pattern of commonweal forests and forest types in Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Ecological field observation, experimental analysis, mathematical statistics and other methods to establish 88 fixed monitoring plots, and follow-up survey of fixed plots, regular study of forest community factors, and use the measured data to measure its research. The results showed that the stand quality of public welfare forests increased significantly in Fuyang District. The young plantation density of broad-leaved forests in the five years from 2009 to 2014 increased significantly by 325.00 plants / hm ~ 2 (27.4%, P <0.01) The average DBH of middle-aged stands increased by 0.23cm (2.1%) and the biomass of community increased extremely significantly (P <0.05). The community biomass increased by 4.53t / hm ~ 2 18.55t / hm ~ 2 (15.9%, P <0.01). The density of three-age coniferous and broad-leaved forest increased slightly in 5 years. The average DBH of young forest increased most by 1.07 cm (12.8%). The growth of community biomass in young forest increased most significantly by 20.59 t / hm ~ 2 (20.7%, P <0.01). The biomass of middle-aged forest significantly increased by 12.14 t / hm ~ 2 (11.5%, P <0.01). Compared with the forest age structure of public welfare forests in Fuyang district in 2009 and 2014, the area of young and middle-aged forest decreased, the area of near-mature forest and mature forest increased; the young forest of broad-leaved forest remained unchanged and the proportion of middle- The proportion of young forest in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest decreased, the proportion of middle-aged forest and near-mature forest increased, which indicated that the young forest in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest gradually entered the middle age stage and the middle-aged forest also entered In nearly mature forest stage. After 5 years of public welfare forest in Fuyang District, the proportion of broadleaf tree species in coniferous and broad-leaved forest and broad-leaved forest increased in varying degrees. The relative dominance of cupressus funebris Endl. And Dalbergia hupeana Hance in coniferous forest, (P <0.05). The relative dominance increased in Schima crenata, Celtis sinensis and Euscaphis japonica in broad-leaved forest. The relative dominance increased in Choerospondias axillaris, Ligustrum lucidum and Masson pine Pinus massoniana) had the greatest decrease in relative dominance. Among the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, the relative dominance of Cinnamomum camphora, Sassafras tzumu and Schima superba increased most, while that of Castanopsis sclerophylla, The relative reduction of piles decreased most. Forest regeneration layer broad-leaved species rich in coniferous forest and coniferous and broad-leaved forest, should be used to seal the tube protection, in order to achieve from coniferous to coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved forest to the direction of development. For some stands with high canopy density or lack of tree species in the forest, proper cultivation should be carried out to increase the species diversity in the public welfare forest and increase the ecological benefits of public welfare forest rapidly through artificial cultivation and broad-leaved tree planting.