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一般物理化学教科书中用热力学方法推导沸点上升和冰点下降的经验公式时,常采用克拉珀龙(Clapeyron)方程和拉乌耳(Raoult)定律结合的方法来推导出该两公式。共同的特点是假设了克拉珀龙方程适用于非挥发性溶质的稀薄溶液。克拉珀龙方程是讨论纯物两相平衡的。这个假设是否合理是值得研究的。再者,将适用条件不同的方程和定律联合使用,稍一不慎,就会导致错误。如在张江树主编“物理化学与胶体化学”,上册,232页上推导沸点上升公式时写道
In the general physical chemistry textbook thermodynamic method to derive the empirical formula of rising boiling point and freezing point, the Clapeyron equation and the Raoult law are often used to derive the two formulas. The common feature is the assumption that the Clapeyron equation is suitable for dilute solutions of non-volatile solutes. The Clapeyron equation is about pure phase two-phase equilibrium. Whether this assumption is reasonable or not is worth studying. In addition, the combination of different equations and laws of different conditions of use, the slightest mistake, it will lead to errors. As Zhang Jiangshu editor of “Physical Chemistry and Colloid Chemistry”, on the book, 232 pages on the derivation of boiling point rise formula, wrote