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流行病学研究已经标准化成为一组“研究设计”。描述性研究是按时间、地点、人物来描述疾病并探讨其与可能危险因素间关联假设的研究。分析性研究则是检验这些假设。横断面研究是在一个特定时间点测量疾病与各种危险因素的现状。队列研究则是确定某危险因素的暴露人群和对照人群,观察比较二组间的疾病的发生情况。病例对照研究则是确定病人组以及从同一无病群体中选择的对照组,比较两组间危险因素的差异。实验性研究是队列研究的一个类型,在一个群体中,研究者指定一组接受某因素(治疗),另一组无此因素,然后比较两组的疾病的发生情况。所有上述研究必须保证所作比较对特定群体的适用性。这取决于是否从特定群体抽取了有代表性的样本。细致确定研究设计以及选择研究群体既有利新见解的产生,又可避免严重误差的发生。
Epidemiological research has been standardized into a set of “research designs.” Descriptive research is a study of hypotheses that describes a disease by time, place, and person and explores its association with possible risk factors. Analytical research tests these assumptions. Cross-sectional studies measure the current status of disease and various risk factors at a specific point in time. Cohort study is to determine the risk of exposure of a population of people and control groups, observed and compared between the two groups of diseases. Case-control studies identified patient groups and control groups selected from the same disease-free group and compared differences in risk factors between the two groups. Experimental research is a type of cohort study in which a researcher designates a group to receive a treatment (treatment), and the other does not, and then compares the occurrence of the disease in the two groups. All of the above studies must guarantee the applicability of comparisons to specific groups. It depends on whether representative samples are taken from a specific group. Careful identification of research design and selection of research groups will not only lead to new insights but also prevent serious errors.