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生态补偿是保护国家重点生态功能区的政策保障。评价生态补偿政策的生态效果则有利于分析生态补偿政策的合理性和可行性,从而为生态补偿政策的完善提供科学依据。论文以实施退耕还林还草的黄土高原丘陵沟壑水土保持生态功能区为例,通过研究生态系统对生态补偿的响应特征,反映生态补偿对生态系统的影响和生态效果。研究选择了反映生态系统结构、质量和功能6个指标,分析自1999年实施退耕还林工程以来,2000年到2010年研究区生态系统的变化。研究结果表明:(1)退耕还林(草)工程促使研究区坡耕地规模减少1571 km2,生态用地面积扩大了1337 km2,有效地改善了生态系统结构,减少了人类活动对土地的干扰,有利于自然植被的恢复;(2)退耕还林工程实施以来,研究区不同生态系统植被盖度和NPP均有增加。从2000到2010年,草地、荒漠和林地生态系统的植被盖度分别增加了10.89%、8.34%和4.24%。平均NPP在10年间增加了51%左右,年均增长达5%左右,表明生态补偿促进了生态系统质量的改善;(3)从2000到2010年,研究区总生物量平均增大了2倍,各县区生物量年均增长率达11%左右,说明生态系统固碳功能显著增大。水土流失面积减少和林地拦截的径流量增大则意味着水土保持功能正在增强。显然,生态补偿对生态系统服务功能的影响也是非常积极而显著的。
Ecological compensation is to protect the state’s key ecological functions and areas of policy support. Evaluating the ecological effect of ecological compensation policy is helpful to analyze the rationality and feasibility of ecological compensation policy and provide a scientific basis for the improvement of ecological compensation policy. Taking the implementation of returning farmland to forest and grassland as an example, soil and water conservation eco-functional areas in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau are studied to study the response characteristics of ecosystems to ecological compensation and to reflect the impacts of ecological compensation on ecosystems and their ecological effects. The study selected six indicators that reflect the structure, quality and function of ecosystems and analyzed the changes of ecosystems in the study area from 2000 to 2010 since the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forestry in 1999. The results show that: (1) The project of returning farmland to forest (grassland) has caused 1571 km2 of sloping land and 1337 km2 of ecological land in the study area, effectively improving the ecosystem structure and reducing the disturbance of human activities to the land. There are Which will benefit the restoration of natural vegetation. (2) Since the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forest, the vegetation coverage and NPP of different ecosystems in the study area have increased. From 2000 to 2010, the vegetation cover of grassland, desert and woodland ecosystems increased by 10.89%, 8.34% and 4.24% respectively. The average NPP increased by about 51% over a 10-year period, with an average annual increase of about 5%, indicating that ecological compensation contributed to the improvement of ecosystem quality. (3) From 2000 to 2010, the total biomass of the study area increased by an average of two times , The average annual growth rate of biomass in all counties reached about 11%, indicating that ecosystem carbon sequestration was significantly increased. The decrease of soil erosion area and the increase of runoff of forest land interception mean that the functions of water and soil conservation are being strengthened. Obviously, the impact of ecological compensation on ecosystem services is also very positive and significant.