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公民的民主权利和自由问题,是现代大多数国家的宪法和法律必须回答而又无法回避的问题。我国宪法作为国家的根本大法,不仅对公民的基本权利作了具体的规定,而且赋予了我国公民享有比资本主义制度下更广泛、真实的民主和自由。在民主权利方面,宪法规定:“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”。“人民依照法律规定,通过各种途径和形式,管理国家事务,管理经济和文化事业,管理社会事务”。“人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会”。“全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生,对人民负责,受人民监督”。“公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员,有提出批评和建议的权利,……有向国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利”。宪法还规定:“法律面前人人平等”。“任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权”。在自由权利方面,宪法规定:“各民族都有使用或发展自己的语言文字的自由,都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由”。“中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由”,“有宗教信仰的自由,有进行科学研究,文学艺术创作和其它文化活动的自由”。同时,鉴于历史的经验教训、宪法还规定了中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律
The issue of the democratic rights and freedom of citizens is a problem that the constitutions and laws of most modern countries must answer but can not avoid. As the fundamental law of the country, our Constitution not only provides concrete provisions for the basic rights of citizens, but also gives our citizens more extensive and genuine democracy and freedom than the capitalist system. In terms of democratic rights, the Constitution stipulates: “All the powers of the People’s Republic of China belong to the people.” “In accordance with the law, the people administer the affairs of the state, manage economic and cultural undertakings, and manage social affairs through various channels and forms.” “The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and local people’s congresses at all levels.” “The National People’s Congress and local people’s congresses at all levels are democratically elected, responsible to the people and supervised by the people.” “Citizens have the right to criticize and advise any state organ or state worker, ... they have the right to petition, prosecute or report to state organs.” The Constitution also stipulates: “Everyone shall be equal before the law.” “No organization or individual may have the privilege of transcending the constitution and the law.” With regard to the right to freedom, the Constitution stipulates: “All ethnic groups shall have the freedom to use or develop their own languages, and all have the freedom to maintain or reform their own customs and habits.” “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China have freedom of speech, publication, assembly, association, procession and demonstration”, “freedom of religious belief, freedom to conduct scientific research, creation of literary and artistic works, and other cultural activities.” In the meantime, in the light of historical experiences and lessons, the Constitution also stipulates that the freedom of communication and communication secrets of citizens of the People’s Republic of China are governed by the law