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固体材料在基础工业和尖端技术中应用极广。随着工业技术的飞速发展,对固体材料的要求越来越高,一方面要求尽可能多的品种,以便适应各种不同的性能需要,另一方面要求每种材料具有稳定可靠的特定性能。这就要求对固体的力学性质、物理性质和化学性质作深入的研究,特别由于固体的性能不仅决定于它的平均成分、结构与组织,而且更决定于成分、结构和组织的不均匀性。例如结构材料的强度和韧性并不完全决定于整个材料的平均原子键强度,而在很大
Solid materials are widely used in basic industries and cutting-edge technologies. With the rapid development of industrial technology, the requirements for solid materials are getting higher and higher. On the one hand, as many varieties as possible are required in order to meet various performance requirements, and on the other hand, each material needs stable and reliable specific properties. This requires in-depth study of the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the solid, especially since the properties of the solid depend not only on its average composition, structure and organization, but also on the compositional, structural and structural inhomogeneities. For example, the strength and toughness of structural materials do not depend entirely on the average atomic bond strength of the entire material,