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一、 近年来高考英语阅读理解测试新动向
1. 高考英语阅读理解文章的词汇量逐年增加,而且越来越强调提高阅读速度(每分钟阅读60多个单词)。
2. 阅读理解文章的生词逐渐增多,主要是由构词法产生的新词和教学大纲不作要求的生词。
3. 阅读理解文章的选材面宽,所选材料题材新颖,更贴近生活实际,更富有时代气息。
4. 深层理解的题型及推理判断的题型持续增加。
二、 高考英语阅读理解常见题型及解题技巧
1. 主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中要求高、难度较大的题型之一,是很能体现试题区分度的题型,一般占整个阅读题的20%以上。主旨大意题要求考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理归纳,目的是考查考生对全文的内容或某一段的理解概括能力。主旨大意题考查的可以是对文章或段落中心的陈述,也可以是为文章选标题。有些文章(尤其是说明文和议论文)有主题句表明中心思想,但有些文章(如记叙文)往往没有明确的主题句,这是需要考生在归纳文章的中心,明确作者的写作意图的基础上概括文章的主旨大意。主旨大意题常见的提问形式有:
(1) What’the main topic/idea/subject/general idea of this passage?
(2) What does the passage mainly disuss/focus on?
(3) This passage mainly discusses/talks about____?
(4) What is mainly discusses in this passage?
(5) Which of the following best summarizes this passage?
(6) The best title for this passage would be/mighl be/is____.
(7) What might be the best title for this passage?
(8) Which of the following sentences best express the main idea?
解题技巧:
(1) 略读文章标题、篇首段、结尾段及每一段的第一句,理解文章的主旨大意。
(2) 寻找段落的主题句和关键词。主题句一般在句首,也有在句尾,也有在句中,有的无主题句,需要读者自己通过关键词概括。此读目的在于区分主要内容和细节内容。
(3) 归纳概括大意,看哪个选项与之相符或最接近。
(4) 了解文体是叙述文、说明文还是议论文,这与确定文章的中心思想直接相关。
通过这些方法,把握文章的总体,理解主题和中心思想;运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,确立文章(段落)的主题(subject),话题(topic),中心思想(main idea),标题(title)。
2. 细节事实题
细节把握题包括直接理解题和间接理解题。直接理解题是以who, what, when, where, why, how等特殊疑问词开头的问句,对短文的某个细节进行提问。间接理解题要求考生在理解短文的基础上通过自己的判断,将具体内容系统化、条理化,如计算、排序、选图等。细节事实题选项的表述通常不用文章的原话,因此考生做题时一定要回到短文找出与题目内容相关的词语和句子,在理解原文的基础上选择答案。细节事实题的提问方式有:
(1) What is (not)mentioned in the passage/text?
(2) According to the text/passage,which of the following is true/NOT true?
(3) From the passage/his words,what do we learn about…?
(4) Which is the correct order of the following events?
(5) According to the passage,who/what/which/when/where/why/how…?
(6) All of the following are true EXCEPT____。
解题技巧:
(1) 扫读文章,寻找信息源,锁定关键词,排除“废话”。如阅读广告、车船与文体活动时刻表、物资与消费价格表、生产计划与任务完成情况等材料,找出数字及与数字相关的信息。
(2) 根据题干“直奔主题”,细读被锁定的内容,判断出正确答案。
(3) 扫读逻辑提示词语,这些词语预示事物发展方向、作者思路等,可以在读前预测,读中印证,读后判断。常见这类提示词语有:表顺序:first,at first,at last;表原因:because, because of,表结果:as a result,result in;表解释:that means,that is to say;表转折:but,though;表对比:as… as,even;表补充:also,and;表递进:even,moreover;表结论:to sum up,in brief;表强调:in fact,in deed;表目的:so that,in order that;表条件:if,otherwise;表例证:for example,to illustrate this等。
(4) 首尾定位,缩小范围。排序题采取首尾先定位,在确定中间的几个。
根据相关的提示词语扫读相关的内容,确定相关题目的答案。如:扫读空间顺序,了解人、地、物的上下、左右。里外、前后、东西南北、远近等方位关系,从而掌握文章的概貌,以确定答案。
3. 词义猜测题
在阅读短文的过程中,我们都会不可避免地遇到生词,而在某些地方,对这些生词的正确理解会直接影响到我们对文章内容的正确把握。但是我们必须懂得,认识一篇文章中的所有单词并不等于能理解这篇文章,而透彻理解一篇文章并不一定要认识文章中的所有单词。运用构词法或通过语境去推测文章中生词的意义也是阅读理解所要求必备的技能之一。因此在历年的高考英语试题中,词义猜测也是阅读理解测试的重要内容。从近年的高考英语试题来看,词义猜测题包括代词指代的推测、生词词义的推测、文章特定语句的推测等。词义猜测题常见的提问形式有:
(1) What does the underlined word… refer to?
(2) The underlined word… refers to____.
(3) Which of the following words can take the place of the word…
(4) Which of the following has the closest meaning to… (paragraph)?
(5) Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word…?
(6) The underlined word can be replaced by .
(7)Which of the following probably has the same meaning as the word…?
解题技巧:
(1) 根据构词法猜测。依据前缀、后缀、词根的意义判断其词义。
(2) 根据句子结构猜测。根据句子成分可以判断所猜词的词性,从而缩小猜测范围。
(3) 根据上下文的逻辑关系猜测。先找出逻辑关系,再根据逻辑关系猜测词语。前面已提到表示因果关系的词语有:because, because of, for, for the reason, on account of this, since等;
(4) 根据常识或已有的生活经历猜测。
(5) 通过同义或反义词猜测。有时通过连词and和or连接同义词组知其一便可以猜其二,通过转折连词but,while,however等对应单词的意义,也就可以猜出生词的相反意义。
(6) 根据定义、指令或描述猜测;文章有时为了强调会对所猜测词汇进行定义或解释或说明,理解定义或解释或说明的含义,能帮助猜测生词的意义。
(7) 根据同位关系猜测。
(8) 根据标点符号猜测。
If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. (Edison)
4. 推理判断题
推理判断题要求考生根据文章的字面意思,通过全篇的逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。做推理判断题应在理解全文的基础上,从文章所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理。
推理判断题常见的提问形式有:
(1) We can infer from the passage that____.
(2) The story suggests that____.
(3) The passage is probably taken from a____.
(4) This passage implies,but doesn’t directly state that____.
(5) The writer suggests that____.
(6) The writer probably feels that____.
(7) The author uses the examples of… to show that____.
解题技巧:
(1) 根据文章的主体、结构和上下文的逻辑关系,推断文章的深层含义。
(2) 根据关键信息进行推断。在文中寻找关键词、句、段,对其内涵进行分析,找出其隐含意义。
(3) 综合相关信息,整理归纳,由表及里,挖掘内涵,进行推断。
(4) 根据褒贬词语推断作者的态度是积极还是消极,是支持还是反对,是主观还是客观。
(5) 根据上下文的逻辑推断事物的发展趋势、结果、结论,切忌不要以自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去推断,只能站在作者的立场上推断。
(6) 借助常识推断答案。根据文章中所阐述的事实,运用常识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原义的结论。
决定阅读理解水准高低主要有三条:词汇量的大小,读速的快慢,理解的准确度。这是基本的。奠定了这三方面的基础,再辅之以“法”,做好阅读理解题便指日可待。
【实战演练】
Attitude is one of the most important factors in determining success for all people. Successful people have one thing in common—an expectant(期待的) attitude of success. Most people begin each morning in neutral and react to events of the day. You can be one of the successful people in life by starting each day with a positive attitude, a gratitude for the opportunities you have, and an expectancy of the best for yourself.
People tend to live up to expectations. We get out of life just about what we put into it. Our environment becomes a mirror of our spirit, our attitude, and expectations. If we set a great goal, we get great results. If we have a fair goal, we accomplish fair results, and if we have a poor goal, we accomplish poor results. The world will give you back what you expect, so expect the very best. Don’t be defensive or doubtful. Nothing changes unless you do. Before you can do something, you’ve got to be something. Know that you have worth and value. Show that to the world.
Treat everyone you come in contact with as the most important person in life. It will build selfesteem. Smile! You’ll be rewarded with a returned smile. Don’t react to others rudely. Forgive everyone who ever hurt you. Then, forgive yourself. Keep yourself healthy. Exercise. Eat a proper diet. Display an attitude of confidence.
Develop these good habits and your expectancy will be rewarded by success. This attitude will put you into that group of people who are truly successful, because you will know and understand how an expectant attitude improves every aspect of your life.
1. What should successful people have in common?
A. A hopeful attitude of success
B. A sweet dream
C. Great wealth
D. Good health
2. Which proverb is most suitable for the passage?
A. The early bird catches the worm.
B. Those who laughs last laugh best.
C. Attitude determines success.
D. Action speaks louder than words.
3. Paragraph 3 shows us that____.
A. smiling is the best policy.
B. being polite to everyone including your enemy.
C. if treated kindly, others are friendly.
D. forgiving others will lead to success.
4. The author develops the passage____.
A. by example
B. by discussing
C. by comparison
D. by process
参考答案
1-4ACCB
(作者:潘国平,江苏省溧阳市戴埠高级中学)
1. 高考英语阅读理解文章的词汇量逐年增加,而且越来越强调提高阅读速度(每分钟阅读60多个单词)。
2. 阅读理解文章的生词逐渐增多,主要是由构词法产生的新词和教学大纲不作要求的生词。
3. 阅读理解文章的选材面宽,所选材料题材新颖,更贴近生活实际,更富有时代气息。
4. 深层理解的题型及推理判断的题型持续增加。
二、 高考英语阅读理解常见题型及解题技巧
1. 主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中要求高、难度较大的题型之一,是很能体现试题区分度的题型,一般占整个阅读题的20%以上。主旨大意题要求考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理归纳,目的是考查考生对全文的内容或某一段的理解概括能力。主旨大意题考查的可以是对文章或段落中心的陈述,也可以是为文章选标题。有些文章(尤其是说明文和议论文)有主题句表明中心思想,但有些文章(如记叙文)往往没有明确的主题句,这是需要考生在归纳文章的中心,明确作者的写作意图的基础上概括文章的主旨大意。主旨大意题常见的提问形式有:
(1) What’the main topic/idea/subject/general idea of this passage?
(2) What does the passage mainly disuss/focus on?
(3) This passage mainly discusses/talks about____?
(4) What is mainly discusses in this passage?
(5) Which of the following best summarizes this passage?
(6) The best title for this passage would be/mighl be/is____.
(7) What might be the best title for this passage?
(8) Which of the following sentences best express the main idea?
解题技巧:
(1) 略读文章标题、篇首段、结尾段及每一段的第一句,理解文章的主旨大意。
(2) 寻找段落的主题句和关键词。主题句一般在句首,也有在句尾,也有在句中,有的无主题句,需要读者自己通过关键词概括。此读目的在于区分主要内容和细节内容。
(3) 归纳概括大意,看哪个选项与之相符或最接近。
(4) 了解文体是叙述文、说明文还是议论文,这与确定文章的中心思想直接相关。
通过这些方法,把握文章的总体,理解主题和中心思想;运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,确立文章(段落)的主题(subject),话题(topic),中心思想(main idea),标题(title)。
2. 细节事实题
细节把握题包括直接理解题和间接理解题。直接理解题是以who, what, when, where, why, how等特殊疑问词开头的问句,对短文的某个细节进行提问。间接理解题要求考生在理解短文的基础上通过自己的判断,将具体内容系统化、条理化,如计算、排序、选图等。细节事实题选项的表述通常不用文章的原话,因此考生做题时一定要回到短文找出与题目内容相关的词语和句子,在理解原文的基础上选择答案。细节事实题的提问方式有:
(1) What is (not)mentioned in the passage/text?
(2) According to the text/passage,which of the following is true/NOT true?
(3) From the passage/his words,what do we learn about…?
(4) Which is the correct order of the following events?
(5) According to the passage,who/what/which/when/where/why/how…?
(6) All of the following are true EXCEPT____。
解题技巧:
(1) 扫读文章,寻找信息源,锁定关键词,排除“废话”。如阅读广告、车船与文体活动时刻表、物资与消费价格表、生产计划与任务完成情况等材料,找出数字及与数字相关的信息。
(2) 根据题干“直奔主题”,细读被锁定的内容,判断出正确答案。
(3) 扫读逻辑提示词语,这些词语预示事物发展方向、作者思路等,可以在读前预测,读中印证,读后判断。常见这类提示词语有:表顺序:first,at first,at last;表原因:because, because of,表结果:as a result,result in;表解释:that means,that is to say;表转折:but,though;表对比:as… as,even;表补充:also,and;表递进:even,moreover;表结论:to sum up,in brief;表强调:in fact,in deed;表目的:so that,in order that;表条件:if,otherwise;表例证:for example,to illustrate this等。
(4) 首尾定位,缩小范围。排序题采取首尾先定位,在确定中间的几个。
根据相关的提示词语扫读相关的内容,确定相关题目的答案。如:扫读空间顺序,了解人、地、物的上下、左右。里外、前后、东西南北、远近等方位关系,从而掌握文章的概貌,以确定答案。
3. 词义猜测题
在阅读短文的过程中,我们都会不可避免地遇到生词,而在某些地方,对这些生词的正确理解会直接影响到我们对文章内容的正确把握。但是我们必须懂得,认识一篇文章中的所有单词并不等于能理解这篇文章,而透彻理解一篇文章并不一定要认识文章中的所有单词。运用构词法或通过语境去推测文章中生词的意义也是阅读理解所要求必备的技能之一。因此在历年的高考英语试题中,词义猜测也是阅读理解测试的重要内容。从近年的高考英语试题来看,词义猜测题包括代词指代的推测、生词词义的推测、文章特定语句的推测等。词义猜测题常见的提问形式有:
(1) What does the underlined word… refer to?
(2) The underlined word… refers to____.
(3) Which of the following words can take the place of the word…
(4) Which of the following has the closest meaning to… (paragraph)?
(5) Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word…?
(6) The underlined word can be replaced by .
(7)Which of the following probably has the same meaning as the word…?
解题技巧:
(1) 根据构词法猜测。依据前缀、后缀、词根的意义判断其词义。
(2) 根据句子结构猜测。根据句子成分可以判断所猜词的词性,从而缩小猜测范围。
(3) 根据上下文的逻辑关系猜测。先找出逻辑关系,再根据逻辑关系猜测词语。前面已提到表示因果关系的词语有:because, because of, for, for the reason, on account of this, since等;
(4) 根据常识或已有的生活经历猜测。
(5) 通过同义或反义词猜测。有时通过连词and和or连接同义词组知其一便可以猜其二,通过转折连词but,while,however等对应单词的意义,也就可以猜出生词的相反意义。
(6) 根据定义、指令或描述猜测;文章有时为了强调会对所猜测词汇进行定义或解释或说明,理解定义或解释或说明的含义,能帮助猜测生词的意义。
(7) 根据同位关系猜测。
(8) 根据标点符号猜测。
If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. (Edison)
4. 推理判断题
推理判断题要求考生根据文章的字面意思,通过全篇的逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。做推理判断题应在理解全文的基础上,从文章所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理。
推理判断题常见的提问形式有:
(1) We can infer from the passage that____.
(2) The story suggests that____.
(3) The passage is probably taken from a____.
(4) This passage implies,but doesn’t directly state that____.
(5) The writer suggests that____.
(6) The writer probably feels that____.
(7) The author uses the examples of… to show that____.
解题技巧:
(1) 根据文章的主体、结构和上下文的逻辑关系,推断文章的深层含义。
(2) 根据关键信息进行推断。在文中寻找关键词、句、段,对其内涵进行分析,找出其隐含意义。
(3) 综合相关信息,整理归纳,由表及里,挖掘内涵,进行推断。
(4) 根据褒贬词语推断作者的态度是积极还是消极,是支持还是反对,是主观还是客观。
(5) 根据上下文的逻辑推断事物的发展趋势、结果、结论,切忌不要以自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去推断,只能站在作者的立场上推断。
(6) 借助常识推断答案。根据文章中所阐述的事实,运用常识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原义的结论。
决定阅读理解水准高低主要有三条:词汇量的大小,读速的快慢,理解的准确度。这是基本的。奠定了这三方面的基础,再辅之以“法”,做好阅读理解题便指日可待。
【实战演练】
Attitude is one of the most important factors in determining success for all people. Successful people have one thing in common—an expectant(期待的) attitude of success. Most people begin each morning in neutral and react to events of the day. You can be one of the successful people in life by starting each day with a positive attitude, a gratitude for the opportunities you have, and an expectancy of the best for yourself.
People tend to live up to expectations. We get out of life just about what we put into it. Our environment becomes a mirror of our spirit, our attitude, and expectations. If we set a great goal, we get great results. If we have a fair goal, we accomplish fair results, and if we have a poor goal, we accomplish poor results. The world will give you back what you expect, so expect the very best. Don’t be defensive or doubtful. Nothing changes unless you do. Before you can do something, you’ve got to be something. Know that you have worth and value. Show that to the world.
Treat everyone you come in contact with as the most important person in life. It will build selfesteem. Smile! You’ll be rewarded with a returned smile. Don’t react to others rudely. Forgive everyone who ever hurt you. Then, forgive yourself. Keep yourself healthy. Exercise. Eat a proper diet. Display an attitude of confidence.
Develop these good habits and your expectancy will be rewarded by success. This attitude will put you into that group of people who are truly successful, because you will know and understand how an expectant attitude improves every aspect of your life.
1. What should successful people have in common?
A. A hopeful attitude of success
B. A sweet dream
C. Great wealth
D. Good health
2. Which proverb is most suitable for the passage?
A. The early bird catches the worm.
B. Those who laughs last laugh best.
C. Attitude determines success.
D. Action speaks louder than words.
3. Paragraph 3 shows us that____.
A. smiling is the best policy.
B. being polite to everyone including your enemy.
C. if treated kindly, others are friendly.
D. forgiving others will lead to success.
4. The author develops the passage____.
A. by example
B. by discussing
C. by comparison
D. by process
参考答案
1-4ACCB
(作者:潘国平,江苏省溧阳市戴埠高级中学)