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现在分词作状语时，通常表示主语正在进行的另一个动作修饰谓语表示的主要动作。现在分词和谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生或几乎同时发生。现在分词作状语的可置于句首，也可置于句末。
1. 作时间状语
Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy.
When the boy heard the news, the boy jumped for joy.
听着令人激动的消息，小男孩高兴地跳了起来。
Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
After turning off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
关掉电视机以后，他便开始复习功课。
2. 作原因状语
Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
As I didn’t know her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
不知道她的地址，我只好打电话通知她来。
Being an engineer, he know how to repair the machine.
As he is an engineer , he knows how to repair the machine.
由于是一名工程师，他懂得如何修理这机器。
3．作条件状语
Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
If you work hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
Turning to the right, you’ll find the shop.
If you turn to the right, you’ll find the shop.
如果你向右转，你就会找到那家商店。
4. 作方式状语或伴随状语
He walked down the river, singing softly to himself.
He walked down the river and sang softly to himself.
他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。
He came running back to pass on the news to us.
他跑回来把消息传递给我们。
5. 作结果状语
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么东西。
The guard fired, killing one of the prisoners.
警卫开枪了，打死了一名罪犯。
6. 作让步状语
Though working all through the year, they didn’t complete the project.
Though they worked all through the year , they didn’t complete the project.
尽管工作了一年，他们还是没有完成这个项目。
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though sitting in the classroom.
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though he was sitting in the classroom.
尽管坐在教室里，他还是不时地想起他生病的母亲。
【注意】
1. 如果动词-ing形式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生， 则用其一般式（doing）; 如果先于谓语动词的动作发生，则用其完成式（having done）。
Seeing nothing at home, he decided to leave them a note.
由于没有看见家人，他决定给他们留下一张便条。
Having finished his homework, he went fishing.
做完作业后，他就去钓鱼了。
2. 使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。逻辑主语与现在分词构成主谓关系，则用主动式，构成动宾关系，则用被动式。
Having been shown around the factory, they were happy. (现在分词的被动式)
Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (现在分词的主动式)
3. 动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构： 句子主语不一定要与逻辑主语一致，有时可以有独立的主语，它可以表示时间、条件、原因等。
Spring coming on, the trees turned green.
春天来了， 树都绿了。
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing next week.
天气允许的话，我们下周要去郊游。
John being away, Tom had to do the work.
约翰不在，只好由汤姆来做这项工作。
4. 固定结构：generally speaking(总的说来), jumping from/by（从……来判断）, taking everything into consideration（总的说来）
Generally speaking, adults know more than teenagers.
一般说来，成年人比十几岁的孩子懂得多。
5. 动词-ing 形式的否定是在动词-ing之前加not.
Not having received his reply, I rang him up again.
没得到他的回应，我再次给他打了个电话。
[【练习】]
1. The student sat there,_______what to do.
A. doesn’t know
B. didn’t know
C. not know
D. not knowing
2. Dina,_______ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at local advertising agency.
A. Struggling B. struggled
C. having struggled D. to struggle
3.“what a day! It’s raining again.”said the farmer,_______(望着窗外). （look）
4. Not_______(完成了) the program, they will have to stay there for another two weeks.(complete)
5. _______(告诉了) many times, he managed to walk out the problem by himself.(tell)
6. It has rained heavily for over one week,_______(引起了洪灾) in Hainan province.(cause)
[【参考答案】]
1. D
2. C
3. looking out of the window
4. having completing
5. having been told
6. causing floods
1. 作时间状语
Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy.
When the boy heard the news, the boy jumped for joy.
听着令人激动的消息，小男孩高兴地跳了起来。
Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
After turning off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
关掉电视机以后，他便开始复习功课。
2. 作原因状语
Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
As I didn’t know her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
不知道她的地址，我只好打电话通知她来。
Being an engineer, he know how to repair the machine.
As he is an engineer , he knows how to repair the machine.
由于是一名工程师，他懂得如何修理这机器。
3．作条件状语
Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
If you work hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
Turning to the right, you’ll find the shop.
If you turn to the right, you’ll find the shop.
如果你向右转，你就会找到那家商店。
4. 作方式状语或伴随状语
He walked down the river, singing softly to himself.
He walked down the river and sang softly to himself.
他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。
He came running back to pass on the news to us.
他跑回来把消息传递给我们。
5. 作结果状语
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么东西。
The guard fired, killing one of the prisoners.
警卫开枪了，打死了一名罪犯。
6. 作让步状语
Though working all through the year, they didn’t complete the project.
Though they worked all through the year , they didn’t complete the project.
尽管工作了一年，他们还是没有完成这个项目。
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though sitting in the classroom.
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though he was sitting in the classroom.
尽管坐在教室里，他还是不时地想起他生病的母亲。
【注意】
1. 如果动词-ing形式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生， 则用其一般式（doing）; 如果先于谓语动词的动作发生，则用其完成式（having done）。
Seeing nothing at home, he decided to leave them a note.
由于没有看见家人，他决定给他们留下一张便条。
Having finished his homework, he went fishing.
做完作业后，他就去钓鱼了。
2. 使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。逻辑主语与现在分词构成主谓关系，则用主动式，构成动宾关系，则用被动式。
Having been shown around the factory, they were happy. (现在分词的被动式)
Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (现在分词的主动式)
3. 动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构： 句子主语不一定要与逻辑主语一致，有时可以有独立的主语，它可以表示时间、条件、原因等。
Spring coming on, the trees turned green.
春天来了， 树都绿了。
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing next week.
天气允许的话，我们下周要去郊游。
John being away, Tom had to do the work.
约翰不在，只好由汤姆来做这项工作。
4. 固定结构：generally speaking(总的说来), jumping from/by（从……来判断）, taking everything into consideration（总的说来）
Generally speaking, adults know more than teenagers.
一般说来，成年人比十几岁的孩子懂得多。
5. 动词-ing 形式的否定是在动词-ing之前加not.
Not having received his reply, I rang him up again.
没得到他的回应，我再次给他打了个电话。
[【练习】]
1. The student sat there,_______what to do.
A. doesn’t know
B. didn’t know
C. not know
D. not knowing
2. Dina,_______ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at local advertising agency.
A. Struggling B. struggled
C. having struggled D. to struggle
3.“what a day! It’s raining again.”said the farmer,_______(望着窗外). （look）
4. Not_______(完成了) the program, they will have to stay there for another two weeks.(complete)
5. _______(告诉了) many times, he managed to walk out the problem by himself.(tell)
6. It has rained heavily for over one week,_______(引起了洪灾) in Hainan province.(cause)
[【参考答案】]
1. D
2. C
3. looking out of the window
4. having completing
5. having been told
6. causing floods