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T细胞耗竭是慢性感染和肿瘤状态下，T细胞发生的一种功能障碍状态。耗竭性T细胞(Tex)的主要特征是效应功能进行性丧失，多种抑制性受体持续高表达，转录因子表达及细胞内代谢改变等。根据上述特征，可将Tex与效应和记忆T细胞进行区分。Tex对感染和肿瘤的有效控制减弱，导致持续慢性感染和肿瘤的发生。而Tex并非不可逆转，抑制免疫调控靶点可以有效逆转Tex，恢复机体抗肿瘤免疫效应，提高肿瘤控制率。因此，通过逆转肿瘤患者体内的Tex可能是肿瘤免疫治疗的新途径之一。笔者主要探讨T细胞耗竭发生的影响因素、Tex的细胞功能特点及其在临床治疗中的应用等，旨在通过研究逆转Tex，为肿瘤免疫治疗提供新思路。“,”T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction in chronic infection and tumor. Main characteristics of exhausted T cell (Tex) are progressive loss of effector function, sustained and high expression of inhibitory receptors, changes in the expression of transcription factors and metabolism dysregulation. According to these characteristics, Tex can be distinguished from effector T cells and memory T cells. Weak control of infection and tumor by Tex leads to chronic persistent infection and tumor occurrence. Tex is not irreversible. Targeting immunoregulatory targets can effectively reverse Tex, and restore anti-tumor immune response and improve tumor control rate. Therefore, reversing Tex may be one of the new ways of tumor immunotherapy. This article discusses influencing factors of T cell exhaustion, cell functional characteristics of Tex and its application in clinical treatment, in order to provide a new idea for tumor immunotherapy by reversing the state of Tex.