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在内蒙古学者整理出版的土默特地区契约文书中,有45件是以水权交易为主要内容,其中展示了清乾隆以来直至民国初期当地普遍的水权交易行为。受清代国家政策的制约,蒙古土地和水是不允许买卖的,蒙民通过私契的形式,采用租、典、佃的方式将水权转让给自内地移入的汉民使用,完成对水权的交易。就本质而言,将水从土地上分离出来进行单独交易,晋陕两省自明万历以来就已经出现。蒙地自乾隆五十六年(1791)开始出现的水权交易契约文书,与山西介休乾隆三十四年(1769)买卖水权的官契内容一致,显示了区域之间的内在联系,可视为内地水权观念在蒙地的一种移植。从以土地为中心到以水为中心,凸显了明清以来北方区域社会日益强烈的水权观念,是理解乡土中国社会经济变迁的一条新路径。
Among the Tumote contractual documents compiled and published by Inner Mongolian scholars, 45 are mainly water rights transactions, which show the widespread trading of water rights in the region since Qing Emperor Qianlong until the early Republican China. Subject to the policy of the Qing Dynasty, land and water in Mongolia are not allowed to be traded. By way of a private lease, the Mongolian people use the rent, dian and tenancy rights to transfer water rights to the Han people moving in from the Mainland to complete the right to water The deal. In essence, separate the water from the land for separate transactions, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces since the Ming Wanli has appeared. The contractual documents of the water rights transaction that Mengnong began to appear in the 56th year of Qianlong (1791) coincided with that of the government lease of the right to trade in water for sale and purchase for 34 years (1769), showing the intrinsic links between the regions. It can be regarded as a transplant of the concept of the right to water in the Mainland in Mongolia. From land-centered to water-centered, the notion of increasing water rights in the northern region has been highlighted since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is a new way to understand the social and economic changes in rural China.