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莎士比亚研究作为文学批评的重要领域,一直以来都是各种文学思潮的试验场,也是某些流派的发源地。本文评述1970年代后期以来一些主要文学批评流派介入莎士比亚研究的情况,主要考察它们如何在“后学”语境下看待莎士比亚及其早期现代文本。莎士比亚研究承载了文学批评领域的重要理念变迁。这种转变在各学派对待莎士比亚文本的方法中得以充分体现:从专注文本细读转向文本内外的话语分析。受后结构主义思想影响的文学批评以及莎士比亚研究把注意力转向文本产生和接受过程中的历史、政治、文化等意义构成的背景因素。批评者不仅把莎士比亚及其作品放到历史背景中去理解,更试图使用莎士比亚与时代文化谈判所采取的策略来分析文本内外的矛盾话语,找出文本及其批评参与特定历史背景下的意义构建的可能性,而关注早期现代文化意义不稳定性的落脚点都在于他们在后现代生活中的抗争。
As an important field of literary criticism, Shakespeare’s research has always been the experimental field of various literary trends and the birthplace of some genres. This paper reviews the involvement of some major literary criticism schools in the study of Shakespeare since the late 1970s and mainly examines how they viewed Shakespeare and its early modern texts in the context of “after school ”. Shakespeare studies bear the important changes in the field of literary criticism. This shift is evident in the ways schools treat Shakespeare’s texts: a shift in focus from focused reading to discourse analysis both inside and outside the text. The literary criticism influenced by post-structuralism, and the background factor of Shakespeare’s research in turning attention to the historical, political and cultural meanings in the production and acceptance of the text. Critics not only put Shakespeare and his works into the historical background to understand, but also tried to use Shakespeare and the strategies adopted by the cultural negotiations of the times to analyze the contradictory discourse inside and outside the text, find out the text and criticism to participate in the construction of the meaning under the specific historical background The possibility of focusing on the instability of early modern cultural significance lies in their struggle in the post-modern life.