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恒星不断地向周围空间释放出大量的能量;许多恒星以各种方式向外抛射物质或吸积物质;恒星内部存在着单向不可逆的核反应;恒星内部的温度梯度非常巨大而且恒星的温度远高于星际空间物质的温度;绝大多数恒星长期处于相对稳定的状态。凡此种种说明恒星是一个与外界不断发生物质和能量交换的系统,
Stars constantly release large amounts of energy into the surrounding space; many stars eject matter or accrete matter in various ways; there is a one-way irreversible nuclear reaction inside the star; the temperature gradient inside the star is very large and the temperature of the star is far higher In the temperature of interstellar matter, most of the stars are in a relatively stable state for a long time. All this shows that a star is a system of exchanging material and energy with the outside world.