In practical engineering, finite element(FE) modeling for weld seam is commonly simplified by neglecting its inhomogeneous mechanical properties. This will caus
Flexible roll forming is a promising manufacturing method for the production of variable cross section products. Considering the large plastic strain in this fo
Metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing has been widely used to detect welded joints. However, load levels, environmental magnetic field, and measurement noises make
The performance of a lubricant largely depends on the additives it involves. However, currently used additives cause severe pollution if they are bed and exhaus