【摘 要】
：
Aging is a dynamic and progressive process that begins at conception and continues until death. This process leads to a decrease in homeostasis and morphological, biochemical and psychological changes, increasing the individual\'s vulnerability to vario
【机 构】
：
Department of Physiological Sciences,Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences,Sao Paulo,Br
论文部分内容阅读
Aging is a dynamic and progressive process that begins at conception and continues until death. This process leads to a decrease in homeostasis and morphological, biochemical and psychological changes, increasing the individual\'s vulnerability to various diseases. The growth in the number of aging populations has increased the prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases, impairment of the central nervous system and dementias, such as Alzheimer\'s disease, whose main risk factor is age, leading to an increase of the number of individuals who need daily support for life activities. Some theories about aging suggest it is caused by an increase of cellular senescence and reactive oxygen species, which leads to inflammation, oxidation, cell membrane damage and consequently neuronal death. Also, mitochondrial mutations, which are generated throughout the aging process, can lead to changes in energy production, deficiencies in electron transport and apoptosis induction that can result in decreased function. Additionally, increasing cellular senescence and the release of proinflammatory cytokines can cause irreversible damage to neuronal cells. Recent reports point to the importance of changing lifestyle by increasing physical exercise, improving nutrition and environmental enrichment to activate neuroprotective defense mechanisms. Therefore, this review aims to address the latest information about the different mechanisms related to neuroplasticity and neuronal death and to provide strategies that can improve neuroprotection and decrease the neurodegeneration caused by aging and environmental stressors.
其他文献
Central nervous system injury, specifically traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, can have significant long lasting effects. There are no comprehensive treatments to combat theinjury and sequalae of events that occurring following a central nervous syst
Cell transplantation has come to the forefront of regenerative medicine alongside thediscovery and application of stem cells in both research and clinical settings. There are several types of stem cells currently being used for pre-clinical regenerative t
Compounds that block the function of connexin and pannexin protein channels have been suggested to be valuable therapeutics for a range of diseases. Some of these compounds are now in clinical trials, but for many of them, the literature is inconclusive a
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) at a young age can lead to the development of long-termfunctional impairments. Severity of injury is well demonstrated to have a strong influence on the extent of functional impairments; however, identification of specific mag
Choroidal neovascularization characterizes wet age-related macular degeneration.Choroidal neovascularization formation involves a primarily angiogenic process that is combined with both inflammation and proteolysis. A primary cause of choroidal neovascula
Currently, ischemic stroke is the most prevalent form of stroke compared to hemorrhagic and there is a high incidence in older adults. Nutrition is a modifiable risk factor forstroke. B-vitamins are part of a metabolic network that integrates nutritional
The arcuate fasciculus is a critical component of the neural substrate of human language function. Surgical resection of glioma adjacent to the arcuate fasciculus likely damages this region. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of surgical resection of
Neurodegenerative disease etiology is still unclear, but different contributing factors,such as lifestyle and genetic factors are involved. Altered components of the gut could play a key role in the gut-brain axis, which is a bidirectional system between
In the mammalian central nervous system, nerve-glia antigen 2 (NG2) glia are considered the fourth glial population in addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The fate of NG2 glia in vivo has been carefully studied in several transgenic mo
To date, at least 7 million people are suffering from Parkinson\'s disease (PD) worldwide, which is the second most prevalent, age-associated, and progressive neurodegenerative disorder (Tysnes and Storstein, 2017). Given the accelerated global pace of