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砧穗组合选配是苹果矮砧集约栽培模式的关键环节之一,幼树的早果性和易成形性是评判砧穗组合优劣的重要指标,这与幼树根系分布密切相关。以中国苹果生产上8种常见砧穗组合的3年生幼树为试材,采用壕沟法对幼树根系分布特征进行了调查分析。结果表明:8种砧穗组合幼树根构型可以分为M系自根砧、SH系自根砧、乔化实生砧木、M系中间砧和SH系中间砧等5大类。3年生幼树根系在水平和垂直方向分布的主要区域,均为0~60 cm范围,且随着距树干距离的增大而减少。不同砧穗组合,根系长度以直径<2 mm级别的根系最长,其次是直径2~5 mm的,10 mm以上的最短。乔化实生砧木较无性系矮化砧木粗根多,而须根少;矮化砧木中,M系砧木根系构成以须根为主,而SH系和青砧系砧木须根均较少。砧穗组合幼树的地上分枝数、短枝比例和花芽数等早果性指标与细根(直径<2 mm)根系数量、根长密度和根表面积密度呈显著正相关关系。通过对各砧穗组合易成花和易成形的综合评价,认为在渭北黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区,M系自根砧和中间砧组合早果性好和易成形较好,而SH系组合较易成形,但早果性较差,乔化组合早果性最差,这与它们的根系分布特征密切相关。
The combination of rootstock and scion was one of the key aspects of the intensive cultivation mode for apple dwarfing stock. The early fruitiness and easy formability of the young tree were the important indexes to judge the superiority and inferiority of the scion combination, which was closely related to the root distribution of the young tree. Taking the 3-year-old saplings of 8 common anvil-scion combinations in Chinese apple production as test materials, the root distribution characteristics of saplings were investigated by using the method of trenching. The results showed that the root configurations of eight kinds of scion combinations could be divided into 5 categories: M-type rootstock, SH-type rootstock, QWARS, M-series and SH-series. The root areas of 3-year-old saplings distributed horizontally and vertically were in the range of 0-60 cm, and decreased with the distance from the trunk. Under different combinations of rootstock and scion, the root length was the longest with diameter <2 mm, followed by the shortest with diameter of 2 ~ 5 mm and 10 mm. Qiaohua real rootstocks had more root than that of clonal dwarfing rootstocks, but less fibrous roots. In dwarf rootstocks, root system of M system rootstock was mainly fibrous root, while root system of SH system and green anvil root system had less fibrous roots. Root anomaly combinations of young branches of the ground branches, short branches and flower bud number and other early fruit indicators and fine roots (diameter <2 mm) root number, root length and root surface area density was positively correlated. According to the comprehensive evaluation of easy flower formation and easy forming of the scion combinations, it is considered that the combination of M-type self-rootstock and the intermediate anvil has good early-fruiting and easy forming in the areas with irrigated conditions in the Weibei Loess Plateau, while SH The combination is easier to form, but the early fruit is poorer, and the poorer is the premature combination, which is closely related to their root distribution.