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80年代,国际环境的重大变化促使日本经济迅速重新构造。出口产品的增长和贸易顺差的日益扩大已引起日本与美国和西欧等国家严重的经济摩擦,亚洲新兴工业化国家以其廉价的劳动力引起了与日本工厂更强烈的竞争。1984年日本的贸易顺差为450亿美元。其后到1989年,日元较其它货币已升值50—100％。因而现日本贸易顺差每年超过1000亿美元。上述变化使部分日本公司由于原材料进口费用降低而受益,同时也使另一些公司将生产向第三世界国家转移,并实施包括提高产品设计水平,提高质量水平,增加花色品种和应用新技术工艺等以提高劳动生产率而获益并降低成本的计划。然而,这些结构调整战略的实施使日本工业的空间格局产生了重大变化,这些变化常与国家和地方政府的区域发展目标相低触。本文论述了由日本经济迅速重新构造引起的国家政府、地方当局与企业间的冲突,并以机械工业的发展过程来说明所发生的重大变化。因目前对“区域”的定义尚欠统一,作者将日本的一都、一道、两府和43县划分为东京、大阪、名古屋三大都市圈及9个省区(见图)。
In the 1980s, major changes in the international environment led to the rapid restructuring of Japan’s economy. The growth of export products and the widening of the trade surplus have caused serious economic frictions between Japan and the United States and Western European countries. The newly emerging industrialized countries of Asia, with their cheap labor, have caused more intense competition with Japanese factories. Japan’s trade surplus in 1984 was 45 billion U.S. dollars. Later in 1989, the yen had risen 50-100% over other currencies. As a result, Japan’s trade surplus surpasses 100 billion U.S. dollars each year. These changes have benefited some Japanese companies as a result of lower import costs of raw materials, as well as diverting production to third world countries by other companies and implementing processes that include increasing product design, improving quality, increasing variety and applying new technologies, etc. Plans to benefit and reduce costs in order to increase labor productivity. However, the implementation of these structural adjustment strategies has resulted in major changes in the spatial pattern of Japanese industry. Such changes are often at a low level of touch with the regional development goals of national and local governments. This article discusses the conflicts between state governments, local authorities and enterprises caused by the rapid restructuring of Japan’s economy and illustrates the major changes that have taken place in the development of the machinery industry. Because of the current unification of the definition of “region”, the author divides one city, one city, two prefectures and 43 prefectures into three major metropolitan regions of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya and nine provinces and autonomous regions (see photo).