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This study was to investigate a better way to detect and differentiate primary,residual,recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) lesions post-radiotherapy in patients with NPC by means of routine computed tomography (CT) in combination with 99Tcm-sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (99TCm-MIBI SPECT).Forty-eight patients with histologically confirmed primary NPC underwent 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT at the 3rd month before and after radiotherapy,and at the 6th month after radiotherapy.All patients had contemporaneous CT examinations.Histopathologic results and/or clinical follow-up data (over 18 months) were used as the golden standard for evaluating residual/recurrent lesions.The radioactive count ratio of nasopharynx to scalp was obtained as the MIBI uptake index (MUI).Receiver operating characteristic analysis was employed to define the cut-off value of MUI for malignancy.With MUI 2.15 as the cut-off point,the accuracy for detecting primary NPC was 94.12%.The mean MUI in the local-regional of the nasopharynx in such negative cases was 1.21±0.12 at the 3rd month,while the mean MUI was higher in the other 15 patients with histologically confirmed recurrent/residual lesions (MUI=1.40±0.16,t=4.71,P＜0.001).The optimal cut-off point of 1.33 of MUI was defined with 89.58% accuracy for differentiating residual/recurrent lesions from the benign process post radiotherapy,while CT evaluations showed an accuracy of 81.25%.A combination of CT and 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT for 37 NPC patients with congruent results showed an accuracy of 97.30% for differentiating residual/recurrent NPC from benign lesions.99Tcm-MIBI SPECT plays a role in evaluating residual/recurrent lesions post-radiotherapy.The combination of CT and 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT can give more accurate diagnosis in the follow-up of NPC.