论文部分内容阅读
总理衙门,全称总理各国事务衙门,亦称“总署”、“译署”,是清政府为办理洋务和外交事务而设立的中央外交机构。鸦片战争前,清政府没有设立专门的中央外交机构,所有外交和对外通商事宜,由礼部和理藩院兼办。鸦片战争的炮火打开了清朝的国门,一系列不平等条约的签订,更使清政府进一步失去了自主处理外交和通商事务的权力。在西方列强的压力下,在恭亲王奕新等人的敦促下,咸丰皇帝于咸丰十年十二月初十日(1861年1月20日)谕令,批准成立总理衙门。其官员分为大臣、章京两级,衙署设立在京城东堂子胡同。下设英国、法国、俄国、美国、海防五股及司务厅、清档房,同文馆、海关总税务司署、南洋及北洋通商大臣等也归其管辖,总揽了外交及与外国有关的财政、军事、教育、交通、矿务等诸多大权。光绪二十七年(1901年)后,清廷实行官制改革,总理衙门改为外务部,班列各部之首。
Prime Minister Yamen, full name Prime Minister affairs Yamen, also known as “Department”, “Department of translation” is the Qing government to deal with foreign affairs and foreign affairs set up the central diplomatic agency. Before the Opium War, the Qing government did not set up a special Central Diplomatic Institution, and all diplomatic and foreign trade issues were run by the Rite and the Loft. The artillery fire of the Opium War opened the door to the Qing Dynasty and the signing of a series of unequal treaties further caused the Qing government to lose its power to handle its diplomatic and trade affairs autonomously. Under the pressure of the Western powers, at the urging of Prince Gong Yixin and others, Emperor Xianfeng ordered the establishment of the premier’s Yamen on December 10, 1861 (January 20, 1861) of Xianfeng. Its officials are divided into ministers, Zhang Jing two levels, government offices set up in the capital Dongtizi alley. Under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, France, Russia, the United States, the five units of Haiphong and the Office of the Secretary of State, Qing archives, Tong Wenwen, the General Taxation Department of the Customs, Nanyang and the Northern Chamber of Commerce, etc., it also has jurisdiction over foreign affairs and foreign affairs Finance, military, education, transportation, mining and many other powers. Twenty-seven years Guangxu (1901), the Qing government to implement the reform of the government, the Yamen changed to the foreign ministry, head of the ranks of all ranks.