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不定式作为高中英语语法的重点和难点,不但是独立的语法项目,而且在阅读理解中其完成式(to have done)、进行式(to be doing)、 被动式(to be done)也经常出现,如果分析不透,就会严重影响对语言的充分理解。因此,就未来命题而言,从题型上仍将以单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错、完成句子为命题题型。不定式的命题着眼点仍将放在对不定式的时态、语态的考查,对不定式在句中作不同句子成分的考查,对不定式符号to的省略及替代作用的考查上。下面从不定式的句法功能、各种形式、省略及用不定式的主动形式表被动四个方面加以分析。
一、不定式的句法功能
1. 作主语
To say is one thing; to do is another. 说是一回事;做是另一回事。
(1)较长的动词不定式作主语时,通常用形式主语it代替它,而把动词不定式短语放在后面。
It’s impossible to finish this task in such a short time. 在如此短的时间内完成这项任务不可能。
(2) 在“It’s + 形容词 + for / of + 名词 + 动词不定式”这一句型中,当形容词是kind, nice, clever, careful, good, right, cruel, wrong等与人有关的“赞美”或“批评”时用of;当形容词为difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等与事物有关时用for。
It’s kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我真是太好了。
It’s difficult for her to do it well. 对她来说做好这件事很难。
2. 作宾语
He promised not to do it like that later. 他承诺以后再也不那样做了。
注意:在find, think, feel, make等后先用it作形式宾语,后再用不定式作真正的宾语。
He finds it hard to speak English fluently. 他发现流利地说英语很难。
3. 作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语,事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want, ask, tell, wish, get, advise, allow, beg, order, command, expect, encourage, force, intend, prefer, persuade, permit, promise, request, remind, warn等。
We allow you to enter the hall. 我们允许你进入这个大厅。
注意:动词think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand后,动词不定式作宾语补足语时,常用to be 结构。
I consider him to be an honest man. = I consider him honesty. 我认为他是个诚实的人。
4. 作表语
动词不定式可以作be, seem, appear等连系动词的表语。
His wish is to be a teacher. 他的愿望是成为一名老师。
注意:(1)主语是不定式时,表语也必须为不定式。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(2)不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作或表示未来的可能性。注意:当主语部分含有动词do 时,作表语的不定式可以省略to。
All you have to do is (to) finish it quickly. 你要做的事就是快把工作完成。
5. 作定语
不定式作定语时,通常与被修饰的名词存在动宾关系。
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important. 明天将要讨论的问题很重要。
(1)当名词有特定的定语,如first, last, next, only等序数词以及形容词的最高级修饰时,其后用不定式修饰。
He is the first to reach school.他经常是第一个到学校的。
(2) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
Please give me a knife to cut with.请给我把刀子切东西用。
6. 作状语
不定式作状语时,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
I came here to see you.(目的) 我来这儿是为了见你。
The friends were happy to see each other again. (原因)朋友们很高兴又见面了。
He hurried to school only to find nobody there. (结果)他匆匆赶到学校结果发现那儿一个人也没有。
To look at him, you would like him. (条件)如果见了他,你会喜欢他的。
(1)目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。
In order to pass the exam, he studied very hard. 为了通过考试,他学习很努力。
We ran all the way so as not to be late. 为了不迟到我们一路奔跑。
(2)结果状语常用only to do, enough to do, too …to等句型。
She is too old to do that thing. 她年纪太大不能做那件事。
The room is big enough to hold us. 这个房间足够大,能容下我们。
二、不定式的形式
不定式的形式变化体现在时态和语态上,不定式有六种形式,以do为例:
时态主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
完成式to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
1. 不定式的时态
1)不定式的一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
He invited me to go to his party. 他邀请我去参加他的晚会。
2)不定式的完成式:不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。
Her mother seemed to have heard about this news. 她妈妈似乎已听说了这个消息。
3)不定式的进行式:不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可作除谓语以外的所有成分。
The naughty boy pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully just now.
4)不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式表示的动作是在谓语动词表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。
Her father is said to have been working in the west for 20 years.据说她父亲已经在西部工作20年了。
2. 不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式to be done或to have been done。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
He felt it an honour to have been invited to her birthday party last year.去年他因被邀请参加她的生日晚会而深感荣幸。
三、不定式的省略
1.为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, plan, need, mean, forget, have to, be going to, ought to等动词后再次出现与前面相同的不定式时可以省去而只留下不定式的符号to,不定式在afraid, anxious, able, glad, willing等形容词后面也可以省略,但不定式的完成形式中的一般式中的to be不省略。
Don’t stop until you have to.不到不得已的时候不要停下。
— Hasn’t he finished writing the report? 难道那份报告他还没写完?
— No, but he ought to have.没有,但是他本来应该写完的。
2.使役动词let, make, have和感官动词feel, see, watch, notice, listen to, observe, hear后作宾补时,不定式的符号要省略,但当变成被动句时,符号to要补上。
I knew him very much because I had seen him grow up from childhood.我很了解他因为我从小看着他长大。
He was made to work more than 12 hours aday. 他被迫每天工作12个多小时。
3.在had better, had best, would rather,would sooner, do anything but / except, can’t help but, can’t choose but后面动词不定式省略。
I’d rather stay here than go home.我宁愿呆在这也不愿回家。
There is nothing to do except wait until the rain stops.除了等雨停没别的办法。
四、不定式的主动形式表示被动
1. 不定式作定语时,若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时,则可以用主动式表示被动。
Ihave a lot ofhomework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。
Give me someing to eat.给我一些吃的东西。
但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,意思不同。
Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(to send 的执行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be sent? 你有要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(to send的执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2. 形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, funny, heavy, important, good, inter-esting等后面接不定式作状语时,常用主动形式表被动意义。This book is easy to read.这本书很容易读。
We found the man difficult to deal with.我们发现这个人很难对付。
The picture is good to look at.这幅画看起来令人舒心。
3. 在too…to …中,不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。在there be结构中,当说话的人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。
There is nothing to do. 无事可做,感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done.某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。
The plane is too far away to see.飞机太远了,看不见。
跟踪精练
1. (2009全国卷Ⅰ) The children all turned _____ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at B. to look at
C. to looking at D. look at
2. (2009北京卷) All of them try to use the power of the workstation _____ information in a more effective way.
A. presenting B. presented
C. being presented D. to present
3. (2009四川卷) He told us whether _____ a picnic was still under discussion.
A. to have B. having
C. have D. had
4. (2009重庆卷) With the world changing fast, we have something new _____ with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal B. dealt
C. to deal D. dealing
5. (2009天津卷) _____ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. completing
B. Having completed
C. To have completed
D. To complete
6. (2009山东卷) We are invited to a party _____ in our club next Friday.
A. to be held B. held
C. being held D. holding
7. (2009江苏卷) Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _____ reduce unemployment pressures.
A. help B. to have helped
C. to help D. having helped
8. (2009湖北卷) When you are finished with the electric iron, don’t forget _______________(关掉它)。(turn)
9. (2009年皖南八校联考) The stolen bus is said to ______________(找到) in a deserted house. (find)
10. (2009年湖北八校联考) I rushed to the phone at the reception desk, __________(却被告知) there was no doctor available.(only)
参考答案:
1. B。本题的不定式表示目的,表示孩子们转过来的目的是为了看著名的女演员。
2. D。本题的the workstation与“提供信息”之间为主动关系,所以B和C项错误,都采用了被动形式作定语;而A项表示正在进行的动作,所以不正确,句意表示“工作站将以更有效的方式提供信息”,所以用不定式表示将来的动作。
3. A。told us后跟宾语从句,whether to have a picnic为疑问词 + 不定式结构,在宾语从句中作主语,谓语部分是was still under discussion 句意为:他告诉我们是否要去野炊尚在讨论中。
4. C。用动词不定式作后置定语,have something new to deal with表示“有新事情要处理”。
5. D。本题的不定式表示目的,题意为:为了及时完成这项工程,员工们在周末也工作。
6. A。由next Friday可知时间是在将来,party是被举行,故用不定式的被动式to be done。
7. C。动词不定式to help作目的状语。中间部分almost three times the number hired last year是插入语,对做题有一定的影响。句意为:为了缓解失业的压力,今年全国各地的学校将聘请50000名大学毕业生作为短期的教师,这几乎是去年聘请的大学毕业生人数的三倍。
8. to turn it off。用不定式作宾语。
9. to have been found。根据句意,不定式用完成时的被动式to have been done。
10. only to be told。only与不定式连用,表结果。根据句意,不定式用被动式。
一、不定式的句法功能
1. 作主语
To say is one thing; to do is another. 说是一回事;做是另一回事。
(1)较长的动词不定式作主语时,通常用形式主语it代替它,而把动词不定式短语放在后面。
It’s impossible to finish this task in such a short time. 在如此短的时间内完成这项任务不可能。
(2) 在“It’s + 形容词 + for / of + 名词 + 动词不定式”这一句型中,当形容词是kind, nice, clever, careful, good, right, cruel, wrong等与人有关的“赞美”或“批评”时用of;当形容词为difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等与事物有关时用for。
It’s kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我真是太好了。
It’s difficult for her to do it well. 对她来说做好这件事很难。
2. 作宾语
He promised not to do it like that later. 他承诺以后再也不那样做了。
注意:在find, think, feel, make等后先用it作形式宾语,后再用不定式作真正的宾语。
He finds it hard to speak English fluently. 他发现流利地说英语很难。
3. 作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语,事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want, ask, tell, wish, get, advise, allow, beg, order, command, expect, encourage, force, intend, prefer, persuade, permit, promise, request, remind, warn等。
We allow you to enter the hall. 我们允许你进入这个大厅。
注意:动词think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand后,动词不定式作宾语补足语时,常用to be 结构。
I consider him to be an honest man. = I consider him honesty. 我认为他是个诚实的人。
4. 作表语
动词不定式可以作be, seem, appear等连系动词的表语。
His wish is to be a teacher. 他的愿望是成为一名老师。
注意:(1)主语是不定式时,表语也必须为不定式。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(2)不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作或表示未来的可能性。注意:当主语部分含有动词do 时,作表语的不定式可以省略to。
All you have to do is (to) finish it quickly. 你要做的事就是快把工作完成。
5. 作定语
不定式作定语时,通常与被修饰的名词存在动宾关系。
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important. 明天将要讨论的问题很重要。
(1)当名词有特定的定语,如first, last, next, only等序数词以及形容词的最高级修饰时,其后用不定式修饰。
He is the first to reach school.他经常是第一个到学校的。
(2) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
Please give me a knife to cut with.请给我把刀子切东西用。
6. 作状语
不定式作状语时,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
I came here to see you.(目的) 我来这儿是为了见你。
The friends were happy to see each other again. (原因)朋友们很高兴又见面了。
He hurried to school only to find nobody there. (结果)他匆匆赶到学校结果发现那儿一个人也没有。
To look at him, you would like him. (条件)如果见了他,你会喜欢他的。
(1)目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。
In order to pass the exam, he studied very hard. 为了通过考试,他学习很努力。
We ran all the way so as not to be late. 为了不迟到我们一路奔跑。
(2)结果状语常用only to do, enough to do, too …to等句型。
She is too old to do that thing. 她年纪太大不能做那件事。
The room is big enough to hold us. 这个房间足够大,能容下我们。
二、不定式的形式
不定式的形式变化体现在时态和语态上,不定式有六种形式,以do为例:
时态主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
完成式to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
1. 不定式的时态
1)不定式的一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
He invited me to go to his party. 他邀请我去参加他的晚会。
2)不定式的完成式:不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。
Her mother seemed to have heard about this news. 她妈妈似乎已听说了这个消息。
3)不定式的进行式:不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可作除谓语以外的所有成分。
The naughty boy pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully just now.
4)不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式表示的动作是在谓语动词表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。
Her father is said to have been working in the west for 20 years.据说她父亲已经在西部工作20年了。
2. 不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式to be done或to have been done。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
He felt it an honour to have been invited to her birthday party last year.去年他因被邀请参加她的生日晚会而深感荣幸。
三、不定式的省略
1.为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, plan, need, mean, forget, have to, be going to, ought to等动词后再次出现与前面相同的不定式时可以省去而只留下不定式的符号to,不定式在afraid, anxious, able, glad, willing等形容词后面也可以省略,但不定式的完成形式中的一般式中的to be不省略。
Don’t stop until you have to.不到不得已的时候不要停下。
— Hasn’t he finished writing the report? 难道那份报告他还没写完?
— No, but he ought to have.没有,但是他本来应该写完的。
2.使役动词let, make, have和感官动词feel, see, watch, notice, listen to, observe, hear后作宾补时,不定式的符号要省略,但当变成被动句时,符号to要补上。
I knew him very much because I had seen him grow up from childhood.我很了解他因为我从小看着他长大。
He was made to work more than 12 hours aday. 他被迫每天工作12个多小时。
3.在had better, had best, would rather,would sooner, do anything but / except, can’t help but, can’t choose but后面动词不定式省略。
I’d rather stay here than go home.我宁愿呆在这也不愿回家。
There is nothing to do except wait until the rain stops.除了等雨停没别的办法。
四、不定式的主动形式表示被动
1. 不定式作定语时,若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时,则可以用主动式表示被动。
Ihave a lot ofhomework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。
Give me someing to eat.给我一些吃的东西。
但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,意思不同。
Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(to send 的执行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be sent? 你有要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(to send的执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2. 形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, funny, heavy, important, good, inter-esting等后面接不定式作状语时,常用主动形式表被动意义。This book is easy to read.这本书很容易读。
We found the man difficult to deal with.我们发现这个人很难对付。
The picture is good to look at.这幅画看起来令人舒心。
3. 在too…to …中,不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。在there be结构中,当说话的人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。
There is nothing to do. 无事可做,感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done.某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。
The plane is too far away to see.飞机太远了,看不见。
跟踪精练
1. (2009全国卷Ⅰ) The children all turned _____ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at B. to look at
C. to looking at D. look at
2. (2009北京卷) All of them try to use the power of the workstation _____ information in a more effective way.
A. presenting B. presented
C. being presented D. to present
3. (2009四川卷) He told us whether _____ a picnic was still under discussion.
A. to have B. having
C. have D. had
4. (2009重庆卷) With the world changing fast, we have something new _____ with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal B. dealt
C. to deal D. dealing
5. (2009天津卷) _____ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. completing
B. Having completed
C. To have completed
D. To complete
6. (2009山东卷) We are invited to a party _____ in our club next Friday.
A. to be held B. held
C. being held D. holding
7. (2009江苏卷) Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _____ reduce unemployment pressures.
A. help B. to have helped
C. to help D. having helped
8. (2009湖北卷) When you are finished with the electric iron, don’t forget _______________(关掉它)。(turn)
9. (2009年皖南八校联考) The stolen bus is said to ______________(找到) in a deserted house. (find)
10. (2009年湖北八校联考) I rushed to the phone at the reception desk, __________(却被告知) there was no doctor available.(only)
参考答案:
1. B。本题的不定式表示目的,表示孩子们转过来的目的是为了看著名的女演员。
2. D。本题的the workstation与“提供信息”之间为主动关系,所以B和C项错误,都采用了被动形式作定语;而A项表示正在进行的动作,所以不正确,句意表示“工作站将以更有效的方式提供信息”,所以用不定式表示将来的动作。
3. A。told us后跟宾语从句,whether to have a picnic为疑问词 + 不定式结构,在宾语从句中作主语,谓语部分是was still under discussion 句意为:他告诉我们是否要去野炊尚在讨论中。
4. C。用动词不定式作后置定语,have something new to deal with表示“有新事情要处理”。
5. D。本题的不定式表示目的,题意为:为了及时完成这项工程,员工们在周末也工作。
6. A。由next Friday可知时间是在将来,party是被举行,故用不定式的被动式to be done。
7. C。动词不定式to help作目的状语。中间部分almost three times the number hired last year是插入语,对做题有一定的影响。句意为:为了缓解失业的压力,今年全国各地的学校将聘请50000名大学毕业生作为短期的教师,这几乎是去年聘请的大学毕业生人数的三倍。
8. to turn it off。用不定式作宾语。
9. to have been found。根据句意,不定式用完成时的被动式to have been done。
10. only to be told。only与不定式连用,表结果。根据句意,不定式用被动式。