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本文对芬兰探险家马达汉的新疆考察进行了具体分析和评价,指出马达汉20世纪初受俄军参谋部派遣到中国,特别在新疆进行间谍考察,充当了沙皇俄国侵略中国的马前卒。但是,马达汉在为时两年的考察中,又有效地进行了历史学、人类学、民族学、社会学的考察,留下了大量科考资料、照片、实物,所有这些今天都成了不可再生的历史遗产,对我们了解和研究晚清时期的历史,特别是20世纪初新疆的历史、社会、人文、地理和中外关系等方面,均有重要的历史价值。同时,马达汉的日记、回忆录、军事报告书、照片和实物也涉及卫拉特蒙古社会方方面面,也都成了今天我们研究20世纪初卫拉特蒙古的难得的第一手资料。正是基于这一原因,马达汉的新疆考察作为外国探险家新疆考察的有机组成是不应该被忽视的。
This paper analyzes and comments on Finnish explorer Madhin’s Xinjiang survey. It points out that Madhal was dispatched to China by the Russian military staff at the beginning of the 20th century, especially in Xinjiang for spying investigation, which served as a pawn for the Tsarist Russia to invade China. However, during his two-year visit, Madam conducted an effective investigation of history, anthropology, ethnology and sociology, leaving a large amount of scientific research materials, photographs and real objects all of which are today Non-renewable historical heritage has important historical value for us to understand and study the history of the late Qing period, especially the history, society, humanities, geography and Sino-foreign relations in Xinjiang in the early 20th century. In the meantime, Madhavan’s diaries, memoirs, military reports, photographs and real objects also cover all aspects of the Mongolian society in Vetilat, and they are also today a rare first-hand source of data on the study of Veteran Mongolia in the early 20th century. It is for this reason that Madhan’s inspection in Xinjiang should not be neglected as an organic part of a foreign explorer’s investigation in Xinjiang.