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关于两河流域历史上是否使用货币以及何时开始使用货币的问题,学术界历来存在争论。在古代货币问题的研究上,卡尔·波兰尼所区分的四种货币功能,即支付手段、价值标准、交易媒介和储存手段,已成为探讨这一问题的共识和出发点。利用两河流域乌尔第三王朝时期(约公元前2112—前2004年)温马省的经济管理文献,可以追踪白银在该省经济活动中的流通过程,进而论证白银的上述四种货币功能对温马经济的促进作用。在乌尔第三王朝高度集中的再分配经济中,白银所执行的货币功能为参与经济活动的各方(包括缴纳赋税的依附民、温马省政府和王室)都提供了一定的弹性和自由度,发挥了不可或缺的作用。
There has always been debate in the academic community about whether money is used in the history of the two rivers and when to start using it. In the study of ancient currency problems, Carl Polanyi’s four monetary functions, namely payment means, value standards, trading media and storage methods, have become the consensus and starting point for exploring this issue. Using the economic management literature of Wimmer during the Ur dynastic period (about 2112 BC-2004 BC) in the two rivers, the circulation of silver in the economic activities of the province can be traced, and the above four monetary functions of Silver can be demonstrated On the warm and humid economy to promote the role. In the highly centralized redistributive economy of the Third dynasty of Ur, the monetary function performed by the Silver provides some flexibility and freedom to all parties involved in the economy (including the dependent people paying taxes, the Wimmer provincial government and the royal family) Degree, has played an indispensable role.