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本文通过对北魏史料中“身备三仗”一词具体含义的解释,考察魏晋南北朝时代作战人员的武器装备系统。汉代以来,以往长期沿用的武器装备系统,经与边境族群战火洗礼,出现新的变化趋势。魏晋南北朝时代军队中,不同战术功能的兵种以下列武器作为区分:抛射性兵器弓弩、砍斫性武器刀(配楯)和击刺性武器矟。一部分技艺精湛的战斗人员,有可能复合装备矟—弓矢、矟—刀楯,或刀楯—弓矢。“身备三仗”即指精锐武装人员,身上同时复合装备以弓矢、刀楯和矟三种战术功能截然不同的武器。这种复合装备的现象,有可能是中古时代中国战争技术与内亚族群军事文化交叉影响下的产物。对以“身备三仗”为代表的多种兵器复合装备现象的分析,可以展现中古军人的装备系统和战斗技艺,而追溯中古时期军事审美传统,更是观察古代军事文化的独特窗口之一。
Through the explanation of the specific meaning of the word “three armed battles” in the historical materials of the Northern Wei Dynasty, this article examines the weapons and equipment systems of the war criminals in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Han Dynasty, the weapons and equipment systems previously used in the long run have witnessed new trends of change after being baptism of fire with the frontier ethnic groups. Among the troops in the era of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the arms of different tactical functions were distinguished by the following weapons: the projectile weapon crossbow, the machete cut weapon, and the thorn weapon. Some skilled combatants may be equipped with 矟 -bow arrow, 矟-knife 楯, or knife 楯 -bow arrow. “With three battles ” refers to the elite armed personnel, who at the same time composite equipment to Bow vector, knives 楯 and 矟 three tactical functions completely different weapons. The phenomenon of such composite equipment may be the result of the cross-cutting influence of the Chinese war technology in the Middle Ages and the military culture of the Neya tribe. The analysis of the phenomena of the multiple weaponry and equipment represented by the “Three Battles” makes it possible to display the equipment systems and combat skills of the ancient military personnel. It is also a unique window for observing the ancient military culture, tracing back the military aesthetic traditions of the Middle Ages. one.