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作为发展中国家,拉美国家的现代化进程前后经历了三个发展阶段,或者说是“外向—内向—外向”三种“钟摆式”的发展模式,因而拉美国家的劳动力就业也呈阶段性的特征。20世纪70年代以来拉美劳动力在不同发展阶段上的就业具有不同的特征:20世纪六七十年代,进口替代工业化对劳动力的吸纳;20世纪80年代,债务危机导致就业恶化;20世纪90年代,新自由主义政策造成理想与现实的差距。拉美劳动力就业出现的突出问题是:大规模、无序流动的农村剩余劳动力造成拉美的“超前”城市化;具有反周期特征的非正规就业成为提供新增就业的主体;经济全面开放带来的贸易增长和就业变化掩盖了国家间和部门间的差异性。拉美国家在就业方面的经验教训对中国就业政策选择的启示是:就业增长在长期内取决于经济发展模式而非增长速度;大力发展农业和农村经济,缓解农村剩余劳动力转移和城市化之间的矛盾;充分利用双边或多边自由贸易协定的契机认真研究发挥中国比较优势的途径。
As a developing country, the Latin American countries have undergone three stages of modernization before and after their modernization process, or are “three kinds of” outward-inward-outward-oriented “pendulum-type development models, so that the labor force employment in Latin American countries was also Staged features. Since the 1970s, the labor force in Latin America has different characteristics in employment at different stages of development: the absorption of labor force by import substitution and industrialization in the 1960s and 1970s; the deterioration of employment caused by the debt crisis in the 1980s; in the 1990s, Neoliberal policies have created the gap between ideal and reality. The outstanding problems in Latin American labor force employment are: the large-scale and disorderly rural surplus labor forces have caused the ”advancement" of urbanization in Latin America; the non-formal employment with anti-cyclical characteristics has become the main body providing new jobs; the economy has been fully liberalized Changes in trade growth and employment have masked differences across countries and sectors. The Lessons from Employment in Latin America. The enlightenment for the employment policy in China is that employment growth depends on the mode of economic development rather than the growth rate in the long run. Developing the relationship between agriculture and rural economy and alleviating rural surplus labor transfer and urbanization Contradictions; and make full use of the opportunity of bilateral or multilateral free trade agreements to seriously study ways to exert China's comparative advantages.