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虽然双元制模式不能代表德国职业教育的全部,但它的确是最具特色且最核心的部分。所谓双元制模式,即一种企业(通常是私营的)与非全日制职业学校(通常是公立的)合作开展职业教育的模式。受训者以学徒身份在企业内接受职业技能和相应知识的培训,以更好地掌握“怎样做”的问题;同时,又在职业学校里以学生的身份接受与职业有关的专业理论和普通文化知识的教育,以了解“为什么这么做”的问题。这是一种将企业与学校、理论知识与实践技能结合起来,以培养既具有较强操作技能又具有所需专业理论知识和普通文化知识的技术工人的职业教育培训制度。在企业与学校的合作中,企业占主导地位。除了双元制模式之外,德国也有全日制职业教育,一部分没有通过企业考核录用的初中毕业生,会进入此类学校,这部分学生数量占职业中学学生总数的20%左右。近年来,德国又出现了第三种职业教育模式,即跨企业培训。学生在接受企业培训和学校教育的同时,每年还可以抽出一定的时间,到跨企业培训中心接受集中培训,作为对企业培训的补充和强化。
Although the dual system model can not represent the whole of German vocational education, it is indeed the most distinctive and central part. The so-called dual-mode model is a model of a vocational education (usually private) that is partnered with part-time vocational schools (usually public) in vocational education. The trainees are trained as apprentices within the enterprise with vocational skills and appropriate knowledge to better understand the issue of “what to do”; at the same time, they also receive career-related professional theories as students in vocational schools and Education of ordinary cultural knowledge in order to understand the “Why do this” issue. This is a vocational education and training system that combines enterprises and schools, theoretical knowledge and practical skills to foster skilled workers who possess both strong operational skills and professional theoretical knowledge as well as general cultural knowledge. In business and school cooperation, enterprises dominate. In addition to the dual system model, there is full-time vocational education in Germany. Some junior high school graduates who fail to pass the enterprise examination will enter such schools. This part of students accounts for about 20% of the total number of secondary vocational students. In recent years, Germany has emerged the third vocational education model, that is, cross-enterprise training. Students receive corporate training and school education at the same time, each year can also take some time to cross-enterprise training center to receive intensive training, training and business as a supplement and strengthen.