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一.政府保障与雇主保障、个人保障的有机结合。 美国的三支柱养老金体系是分别由政府、雇主和个人作为行为主体实施的。第一支柱强制计划的行为主体是政府,第二、三支柱的行为主体则分别是雇主和个人。这种制度背后的一个基本理念是:包括养老在内的社会保障不是政府保障,不能由政府包揽一切,而是政府、雇主和个人的共同责任。政府保障计划的基本职能是确保绝大多数老年人(以及部分遗属和残疾人)的基本生活。要想获得更高的保障水平,则必须依靠雇主和个人的进一步努力。从其实际运行结果看,美国基本上实现了这一目标。目前几乎所有的从业人员都参加了第一支柱,并且绝大多数人在达到退休年龄后都能够得到基本生活保障。在该计划实施初期的1935年,老年人口的贫困率为70％,而在2001年,则仅为11％。而且通过第二、三支柱,相当多的人可以在退休后获得更加丰厚的收
I. The Organic Combination of Government Guarantee and Employers Protection and Personal Security. The three-pillared pension system in the United States is implemented by the government, employers and individuals as the main actors. The first pillar of the mandatory plan of the main actor is the government, the second and the third pillar of the main actors are respectively the employer and the individual. The basic idea behind this system is that social security including pensions is not guaranteed by the government and can not be swept by the government. It is the joint responsibility of the government, employers and individuals. The basic function of a government guarantee scheme is to ensure the basic livelihoods of the vast majority of older persons (and some survivors and disabled persons). To obtain a higher level of protection, we must rely on employers and individuals further efforts. As a result of its actual operation, the United States basically achieved this goal. Almost all workers now participate in Pillar I, and the overwhelming majority have access to basic livelihood protection after reaching the retirement age. In the early 1935 implementation of the plan, the poverty rate for the elderly population was 70%, compared with 11% in 2001. And through the second and third pillars, a considerable number of people can get more generous income after retirement