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脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis-associated encephalopathy，SAE)是脓毒症患者常见的并发症，病死率较高，但其发病机制尚不清楚，且无公认的诊断标准及特效治疗方案。肠道在脓毒症发生发展中起到“发动机”样作用，肠屏障的破坏和肠道微生物的紊乱均可影响脓毒症的结局，其中肠道微生物通过“微生物-肠-脑轴”(the microbiome-gut-brain axis，MGBA)影响肠道及大脑病理生理，“肠道微生物-线粒体串扰”则从细胞器水平阐述了其作用。SAE动物模型中存在肠道微生物紊乱，行粪菌移植可改善其症状与预后，提示通过对肠道微生物的探索，可能对认识SAE机制及探索其治疗有一定意义。该文从肠道微生物、MGBA及肠道微生物在SAE中的作用三个方面进行综述。“,”Sepsis-associated encephalopathy(SAE)is a common complication with high mortality in patients with sepsis, but its pathogenesis is not clear, and there is no recognized diagnostic criteria and specific treatment.Intestinal tract plays an engine-like role in the occurrence and development of sepsis.The destruction of intestinal barrier and the disorder of intestinal microorganisms can affect the outcome of sepsis, in which gut microbiome affect the pathophysiology of intestine and brain through “ the microbiome-gut-brain axis” (MGBA), and “gut microbiome-mitochondrial crosstalk” explains its role at the organelle level.The gut microbiome disorder exists in SAE animal model, while fecal bacteria transplantation can improve the symptoms and prognosis, suggesting that the exploration of gut microbiome may be of certain significance to understand the mechanism of SAE and explore its treatment.Here we review from three aspects: the gut microbiome, MGBA and the role of gut microbiome in SAE.