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在明代晚期,以全球商业为基础的消费活动影响了文人的生活和精英阶层在园林、绘画、书籍和古玩方面的品位。文人对消费的兴趣不断增强,这种现象一直持续到了18世纪。例如,在明朝(1368—1644年)晚期和清朝(1644—1911年)初年,来自新世界的白银用来购买中国商品,主要是丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和玉。园林的资助者就生活在这样的世界里。农业革命进一步促进了明代经济的转变。在这次革命中,棉花生产在南方沿海各省取代了稻米种植,流入的日本白银以一种前所未有的方式推动了16世纪经济的货币化。明代中国人在不知不觉中面对着一个全球市场。他们的文学和艺术发生了变化。
In the late Ming Dynasty, consumer activities based on global commerce influenced the literati’s life and elites’ grades in gardens, paintings, books, and antiques. The literati’s interest in consumption has continued to increase. This phenomenon continued until the 18th century. For example, in the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), silver from the New World was used to buy Chinese goods, mainly silk, porcelain, tea and jade. The sponsors of gardens live in such a world. The agricultural revolution further promoted the economic transformation of the Ming Dynasty. In this revolution, cotton production replaced rice cultivation in southern coastal provinces, and the inflow of Japanese silver promoted the monetization of the 16th century economy in an unprecedented manner. The Ming Chinese faced a global market unconsciously. Their literature and art have changed.