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Effective adaptive immune responses rely upon appropriate activation of T cells by antigenic peptidemajor histocompatibility complex on the surface of antigen presenting cells(APCs).Activation relies on additional signals including co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of the APCs that promote T cell expansion.The immune response is further sculpted by the cytokine environment.However,T cells also respond to other environmental signals including hormones,neurotransmitters,and vitamins.In this review,we summarize the mechanisms through which vitamins A and D impact immune responses,particularly in the context of T cell responses.
Effective adaptive immune responses rely upon appropriate activation of T cells by antigenic peptide major histocompatibility complex on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Activation relies on additional signals including co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of the APCs that promote T cell expansion. immune response is further sculpted by the cytokine environment. Despite, T cells also respond to other environmental signals including hormones, neurotransmitters, and vitamins. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms through which vitamins A and D impact immune responses, particularly in the context of T cell responses.