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BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic hernia of the liver is a rare clinical entity, usually found after trauma in adults. This study was undertaken to elucidate a misdiagnosis of non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia of the liver in an adult. METHOD: The clinical data of one patient with non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia of the liver was analyzed. RESULTS:A tumor in the right lower thorax was revealed by chest X-ray and computed tomography. Non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia of the liver was not identiifed until the operation. Pathological analysis conifrmed the ifnding. The patient recovered well. CONCLUSIONS: Non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia of the liver in an adult is a rare right-sided diaphragmatic hernia, which can move up into the chest cavity. It should be distinguished from lung cancer. The diagnosis and evaluation of non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia of the liver can help optimize surgical management. 5 Kearney PA, Rouhana SW, Burnay RE. Blunt rupture of the diaphragmatic:mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:1326-1330. 6 Demos TC, Solomon C, Posniak HV, Flisak MJ. Computed tomography in traumatic defects of the diaphragm. Clin Imaging 1989;13:62-67. 7 Mar Fan MJ, Coulson ML, Siu SK. Adult incarcerated right-sided Bochdalek hernia. Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:239-241. 8 Arsalane A, Herman D, Bazelly B. Left strangulated diaphragmatic hernia: an unusual complication of gastric bypass. Rev Pneumol Clin 2005;61:374-377. 9 Thomas S, Kapur B. Adult Bochdalek hernia--clinical features, management and results of treatment. Jpn J Surg 1991;21:114-119. 10 Kitano Y, Lally KP, Lally PA; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. Late-presenting congenital diaphrag-matic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:1839-1843. 11 Hubbard AM, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, Haselgrove JC. Left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: value of prenatal MR imaging in preparation for fetal surgery. Radiology 1997;203:636-640. 12 Kilian AK, Busing KA, Schaible T, Neff KW. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging. Diagnostics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Radiologe 2006;46:128-132. 13 Leung JW, Coakley FV, Hricak H, Harrison MR, Farmer DL, Albanese CT, et al. Prenatal MR imaging of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1607-1612. 14 Kays DW. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and neonatal lung lesions. Surg Clin North Am 2006;86:329-352,ix. 15 Wenstrom KD. Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1887-1888. 16 Eroglu D, Yanik F, Sakallioglu AE, Arikan U, Varan B, Kuscu E. Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic hernia by fetal sonography. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2006;32:90-93. 17 Libretti L, Ciriaco P, Carretta A, Melloni G, Puglisi A, Casiraghi M, et al. Endobronchial migration of prosthetic patch after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:e65-67. 18 Szavay PO, Drews K, Fuchs J. Thoracoscopic repair of a right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2005;15:305-307. 19 Kato H, Miyazaki T, Kimura H, Faried A, Sohda M, Nakajima M, et al. A novel technique to facilitate laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hernias. Am J Surg 2006;191:545-548. 20 Moya FR, Lally KP. Evidence-based management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Perinatol 2005;29:112-117.