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商品价值、市场价值及社会生产价格的决定条件,不仅是当前价格改革中的重要理论问题,也是马克思整个劳动价值论的一个基本问题。但恰恰在这一基本问题上,经济理论界存在着严重的误解与混乱。本文拟从分析决定社会必要劳动时间的主客观生产条件入手,对商品价值、市场价值及社会生产价格的决定条件,进行系统的考察。一、商品价值的决定条件商品的价值实体是抽象的人类一般劳动。商品的价值量由社会必要劳动时间决定。“社会必要劳动时间是在现有的社会正常的生产条件下,在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下制造某种使用价值所需要的劳动时间。”(《马克思恩格斯全集》第23卷第52页)如果说“社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度”是指劳动过程的主观条件,那么,“社会正常的生产条件”就是指劳动过程的客观条件。商品的价值量当然不是决定于客观生产条件本身,而是决定于
The determination conditions of the commodity value, the market value and the social production price are not only the important theoretical issues in the current price reform, but also a basic issue of Marx's entire labor value theory. But precisely on this basic issue, there are serious misunderstandings and chaos in the economic theorists. This article intends to proceed from the analysis of the subjective and objective production conditions that determine the necessary social working time, and systematically examines the conditions for determining the value of goods, market value and the price of social production. First, the determination of the value of goods The value of the commodity entity is an abstract human general labor. The value of the goods is determined by the socially necessary working hours. “The socially necessary working hours are the working hours required to create some use value under the average conditions of social workmanship and labor intensity under the existing conditions of normal production in society.” (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, p. 23 Volume 52) If we say that “social average labor proficiency and labor intensity” refers to the subjective conditions of the labor process, then “socially normal production conditions” refers to the objective conditions of the labor process. Of course, the value of goods is not determined by the objective conditions of production itself, but decided upon