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基因(gene)一词是在1909年由丹麦植物学家、遗传学家约翰逊(W.L.Johannsen)首先提出的,用来说明奥地利遗传学家孟德尔(G.J.Mendel)在豌豆实验中所假定的遗传因子。二十年代,美国实验胚胎学家、遗传学家摩尔根(T.H.Morgan)及其学生在果蝇研究工作中,证明了基因在染色体上作线状排列。五十年代,法国遗传学家本泽(S.Benzer)等人对基因精细结构和顺反位量效应(cis-traus tffeet)等方面研究的结果,也说明基因在染色体上象“念珠”一样一个接一个地排列而不发生重叠。这一观念,长期以来,获得了普遍的信任。但是,1977年英国生物化学家桑格(F.Sanger)运用其首创的正负法,分析了ΦX174噬菌体DNA的核苷酸顺序,在比较ΦX174噬菌体DNA核苷酸顺序和其产生的蛋白质氨基酸顺序时,意外地发现了基因是可以重叠的。
The word gene was first proposed by the Danish botanist and geneticist WL Johanhansen in 1909 to illustrate the genetic determinants assumed by the Austrian geneticist GJ Mendel in pea experiments . In the 1920s, the American experimental embryologist and geneticist T.H. Morgan and his students demonstrated that the genes are arranged in line on the chromosomes in their research work on fruit flies. In the 1950s, the results of studies by French geneticist S.Benzer et al. On the fine structure of genes and the cis-traus tffeet also showed that the gene is the same in chromosome as “rosary” One by one without overlap. This concept has long gained widespread trust. However, in 1977 British biochemist Sanger analyzed the nucleotide sequence of ΦX174 phage DNA using its first positive-negative method, comparing the nucleotide sequence of ΦX174 phage DNA and the protein amino acid sequence it produces When accidentally discovered that the genes can overlap.