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利用LiOH/尿素低温溶剂溶解蔗渣纤维素，均相合成蔗渣纤维素季铵盐，通过FT-IR、元素分析仪、13C-NMR和TG等仪器对蔗渣纤维素季铵盐进行表征和性质分析，并制备蔗渣纤维素季铵盐水凝胶和研究其结构性能。蔗渣纤维素季铵盐较蔗渣纤维素的热稳定性有所下降，但具有良好的水溶解性和抗菌性能，制备的蔗渣纤维素季铵盐水凝胶的平衡溶胀率高达1730（g/g）。“,”Bagasse cellulose quaternary ammonium salt (QC) was homogeneously synthesized by reacting bagasse cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in LiOH/urea aqueous solutions. The structure and properties of the QC were characterized by using FT-IR, elemental analysis, 13C-NMR and TG. The hydrogel was prepared by using QC and its structure and properties were studied. The results showd that QC had good solubility in water and antibacterial properties.But the thermal stability of QC decreased. The QC-gel showed superabsorbent property, its equilibrium swelling ratio was 1730(g/g).