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洪武十三年,明太祖朱元璋废除传承上千年的宰相制,确立集皇权与相权于一身的政体,由皇帝直接掌管六部政务。然而政务繁重,非皇帝一人所能应付。于是召用下级儒臣随侍内廷,协助皇帝处理日常文书。永乐年间,这种秘书班子衍化为内阁。内阁成员称阁臣,负责批阅奏章、起草诏令,为皇帝提供参考意见,称作“票拟”。皇帝同意后,用朱笔抄正,成为朝廷正式政令,称作“朱批”。内阁出现之初,阁臣虽然官位不同,但无高低之分、首次之别。至天顺、成化年间,遂有首次之别。首辅居阁臣之首,在其下有次辅等阁臣,两者
Hongwu thirteen years, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the inheritance of thousands of years of prime minister system, set imperial power and the right of one form of government, the emperor directly in charge of six government. However, heavy government, non-emperors can cope with one. So he called the lower Confucian minister to serve the inner court, to assist the emperor to deal with daily instruments. Yongle years, this secretarial team evolved into a cabinet. Cabinet members, cabinet ministers, responsible for the approval of the memorial, drafting edict, provide reference for the emperor, known as “votes to ”. After the emperor agreed, Zhu Zhizheng copied and became the formal decree of the court, called “Zhu batch.” At the beginning of the cabinet appeared, cabinet minister although different official positions, but no distinction between high and low, the first difference. To Tianshun, Chenghua years, then the first difference. First of all, the first and second cousin cabinet minister, under the secondary auxiliary cabinet minister, both