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There is no agreed answer whether lead is a necessary microelement in human body， but it is sure that excessive lead will harm health. At present， WHO has identified lead as one of the ten chemicals causing major public health concerns. What is more important is its harms on children’s physical and mental health can’t be neglected. It is estimated that children’s lead exposure contributes to additional 600，000 children with intellectual disabilities every year.
铅，是不是人体必须的微量元素好像目前没有一个统一的答案，但铅超标，一定会危害身体健康却是定论。目前，世卫组织已经把铅确定为引起重大公共卫生关注的十种化学品之一。值得重视的是，铅对儿童身心健康的危害尤其不容忽视。据估计，由儿童铅接触所导致的新增智力残疾人每年约为60万。
In August， 2009， 851 children were found out to have excessive lead in their blood in Fengxiang County， Shaanxi Province. On September 14th， 2009， in Longyan City， Fujian Province， students refused to go to school in panic when they got to know that many local children were poisoned because of high lead level in blood. By October 14th， 2009， in the detection of blood lead of more than 3000 children under 14 in Jiyuan City， Henan Province， over 1000 children had been found to need medical treatment of lead elimination. In 2010， among about 2000 children under 14 in Wugang City Hunan Province， 1300 children were found to have excessive lead in blood potentially. Following the event of “Melamine”， preventing and protecting children from lead poisoning became the focus of safeguarding children’s rights.
2009年8月，陕西省凤翔县查出851名儿童血铅超标。2009年9月14日，在得知当地许多儿童是血铅含量超标以致铅中毒之后，福建龙岩发生学生罢学的铅中毒恐慌。截至2009年10月14日，在对河南省济源市3000多名14岁以下儿童的血铅检测工作中发现，需立即接受药物驱铅治疗的有1000多人。2010年，湖南省武冈在近2000名14岁以下的儿童当中发现，1300多人血铅疑似超标。继“三聚氰胺”后，预防和避免儿童铅中毒一度成为儿童维权的主要对象。
Dangerous exposure to lead
危险重重的铅接触
According to international standard of blood lead level， if the amount of lead in the blood of children is equal to or more than 100 ug/L， it is lead poisoning. Children’s performances like attention-deficit disorder and development retardation of linguistic function may result from “excessive lead”. According to related surveys， 80% of children are exposed to lead because of their living environment， indoor environment and drinking water. Lead in water is one of the important reasons for children’s lead poisoning. A sampling check carried out by Beijing Consumer Association showed that more than 30% of 50 checked faucets for everyday household use were unqualified as a result of excessive lead in water.
WHO warns that children can be exposed to lead paint through toys， walls， door frames or furnitures. In addition， lead paint stripped from the surface of objects may enter into children’s body through respiratory tract and digestive tract in the form of dust and fog. 按照国际血铅诊断标准，儿童血铅含量等于或大于100微克/升就为铅中毒。孩子很吵闹、注意力不集中、语言功能发育迟缓，有可能是“铅超标”。据相关调查显示，80%的儿童铅污染与儿童的居住环境和饮水有关，而饮用水中含铅是造成婴幼儿铅中毒的重要原因之一。北京市消协在做一项抽样检查中发现，日常家庭使用的50个受检水龙头竟有三成多不合格，不合格的主要原因是铅含量超标。
世卫组织提醒，儿童可能通过玩具、墙壁、门框和家具等接触到含铅涂料，另外，物体表面剥落的含铅涂料也会在室内形成铅污染。通过呼吸道和消化道，空气中的铅会以粉尘和烟雾的形式进入儿童体内。
Zhu Changling， Director of China National furniture Association， said that floors and walls couldn’t do without paint or coating， and that of poor quality would have the potential of excessive lead so as to risk children’s health. Yao Tianhong， Director of Nanjing Maternity and Child Care Centers， said paint and coating of poor quality did easily cause excessive lead in children and once used， they were definitely harmful to children’s health.
In a piece of news broadcast by China Broadcasting Network， Li Keji， Professor of School of Public Health of Peking University， said： Lead in crops and vegetables can enter into human bodies. Because children’s metabolic function is not as sound as adults’ and their neurovirulence is sensitive to lead during their infant period， they are easy to be harmed by lead poisoning.
中国家具协会理事长朱长岭表示，伪劣的油漆和涂料都会对儿童造成铅超标的危害，比如家具地板、墙面等都离不开油漆涂料，如果使用含铅涂料，将对儿童的健康带来严重的安全隐患。南京市妇幼保健院儿保所姚天红说，伪劣油漆以及涂料的存在确实容易造成儿童铅超标，一旦使用含铅涂料，对儿童健康肯定不利。
在中国广播网的一则消息中，北京大学公共卫生学院教授李可基认为，粮食作物和蔬菜中的铅都可以进入体内。因为儿童新陈代谢功能不及成人健全，且在幼年阶段对铅的神经毒性很敏感，所以特别容易受到铅的毒害。
Anti-lead action for a long time
由来已久的抗铅行动
Lead poisoning of children has become the focus of global attention as one of the most important worries of environmental health. At present， WHO and governments of all nations take related measures to prevent lead poisoning of children. In the late 19th century and early 20th century， the United Kingdom carried out a reform movement especially for industrial disease of lead poisoning. UK also prohibited the use of heat stabilizer of lead salt in drinking water pipelines. In 1994， Denmark， Sweden， Finland and Iceland cosigned the proposal of long-term lead prohibition. In 2008， the United Stated submitted to the White House an act of anti-lead for children’s toys， which was said to be the strictest lead standard in the world. Besides， European， Canada， New Zealand， Australia and many other countries made laws to forbid the use of electronic products with toxic substance like lead.
儿童铅中毒，作为最重要的环境卫生担忧之一，已经成为全球关注的重点。目前，世卫组织和各国政府都采取了相应措施预防和避免儿童铅中毒事件。19世纪末20世纪初期，英国开展了专门对抗铅中毒工业病的改革运动。英国更禁止铅盐热稳定剂用于饮水管道。1994年，丹麦、瑞典、芬兰和冰岛共同签署提议，长期禁用铅。2008年，美国参议院向白宫递交儿童玩具禁铅法案，据说该法案划定了世界上最严格的含铅量标准。除此之外，欧盟、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚等国也纷纷立法禁止铅等有毒物质在电子电器产品中的使用。
China has also made specific regulations on the lead content of indoor finishing materials. Regulations define that soluble lead content of heavy metal content of solvent wood coatings， interior wall paint， wood furniture and wall paper cannot exceed 90mg/kg. As early as 2009， Zhou Shengxian， Director of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China， “urged to deal with heavy metal pollution through new methods and appealed to ‘take effective measures’ to prevent the pollution of lead materials.”
WHO said that at present there is no recognized safe levels of lead exposure and safe density of blood lead， but lead poisoning can be prevented.
中国也早就对室内环境装饰装修材料标准中的铅含量做了明确的规定。规定中指出，溶剂型的木器涂料重金属含量、内墙涂料、木家具重金属含量、壁纸重金属含量的可溶性铅含量都不得超过90mg/kg。早在2009年，中国环境保护部部长周生贤就曾“敦促通过新的方法处理重金属污染，呼吁采取‘有力措施’防止铅等材料的污染”。
世卫组织表示，目前没有已知并被认为安全的铅接触水平，也没有已知的安全血铅浓度，但铅中毒完全可以得到预防。
铅，是不是人体必须的微量元素好像目前没有一个统一的答案，但铅超标，一定会危害身体健康却是定论。目前，世卫组织已经把铅确定为引起重大公共卫生关注的十种化学品之一。值得重视的是，铅对儿童身心健康的危害尤其不容忽视。据估计，由儿童铅接触所导致的新增智力残疾人每年约为60万。
In August， 2009， 851 children were found out to have excessive lead in their blood in Fengxiang County， Shaanxi Province. On September 14th， 2009， in Longyan City， Fujian Province， students refused to go to school in panic when they got to know that many local children were poisoned because of high lead level in blood. By October 14th， 2009， in the detection of blood lead of more than 3000 children under 14 in Jiyuan City， Henan Province， over 1000 children had been found to need medical treatment of lead elimination. In 2010， among about 2000 children under 14 in Wugang City Hunan Province， 1300 children were found to have excessive lead in blood potentially. Following the event of “Melamine”， preventing and protecting children from lead poisoning became the focus of safeguarding children’s rights.
2009年8月，陕西省凤翔县查出851名儿童血铅超标。2009年9月14日，在得知当地许多儿童是血铅含量超标以致铅中毒之后，福建龙岩发生学生罢学的铅中毒恐慌。截至2009年10月14日，在对河南省济源市3000多名14岁以下儿童的血铅检测工作中发现，需立即接受药物驱铅治疗的有1000多人。2010年，湖南省武冈在近2000名14岁以下的儿童当中发现，1300多人血铅疑似超标。继“三聚氰胺”后，预防和避免儿童铅中毒一度成为儿童维权的主要对象。
Dangerous exposure to lead
危险重重的铅接触
According to international standard of blood lead level， if the amount of lead in the blood of children is equal to or more than 100 ug/L， it is lead poisoning. Children’s performances like attention-deficit disorder and development retardation of linguistic function may result from “excessive lead”. According to related surveys， 80% of children are exposed to lead because of their living environment， indoor environment and drinking water. Lead in water is one of the important reasons for children’s lead poisoning. A sampling check carried out by Beijing Consumer Association showed that more than 30% of 50 checked faucets for everyday household use were unqualified as a result of excessive lead in water.
WHO warns that children can be exposed to lead paint through toys， walls， door frames or furnitures. In addition， lead paint stripped from the surface of objects may enter into children’s body through respiratory tract and digestive tract in the form of dust and fog. 按照国际血铅诊断标准，儿童血铅含量等于或大于100微克/升就为铅中毒。孩子很吵闹、注意力不集中、语言功能发育迟缓，有可能是“铅超标”。据相关调查显示，80%的儿童铅污染与儿童的居住环境和饮水有关，而饮用水中含铅是造成婴幼儿铅中毒的重要原因之一。北京市消协在做一项抽样检查中发现，日常家庭使用的50个受检水龙头竟有三成多不合格，不合格的主要原因是铅含量超标。
世卫组织提醒，儿童可能通过玩具、墙壁、门框和家具等接触到含铅涂料，另外，物体表面剥落的含铅涂料也会在室内形成铅污染。通过呼吸道和消化道，空气中的铅会以粉尘和烟雾的形式进入儿童体内。
Zhu Changling， Director of China National furniture Association， said that floors and walls couldn’t do without paint or coating， and that of poor quality would have the potential of excessive lead so as to risk children’s health. Yao Tianhong， Director of Nanjing Maternity and Child Care Centers， said paint and coating of poor quality did easily cause excessive lead in children and once used， they were definitely harmful to children’s health.
In a piece of news broadcast by China Broadcasting Network， Li Keji， Professor of School of Public Health of Peking University， said： Lead in crops and vegetables can enter into human bodies. Because children’s metabolic function is not as sound as adults’ and their neurovirulence is sensitive to lead during their infant period， they are easy to be harmed by lead poisoning.
中国家具协会理事长朱长岭表示，伪劣的油漆和涂料都会对儿童造成铅超标的危害，比如家具地板、墙面等都离不开油漆涂料，如果使用含铅涂料，将对儿童的健康带来严重的安全隐患。南京市妇幼保健院儿保所姚天红说，伪劣油漆以及涂料的存在确实容易造成儿童铅超标，一旦使用含铅涂料，对儿童健康肯定不利。
在中国广播网的一则消息中，北京大学公共卫生学院教授李可基认为，粮食作物和蔬菜中的铅都可以进入体内。因为儿童新陈代谢功能不及成人健全，且在幼年阶段对铅的神经毒性很敏感，所以特别容易受到铅的毒害。
Anti-lead action for a long time
由来已久的抗铅行动
Lead poisoning of children has become the focus of global attention as one of the most important worries of environmental health. At present， WHO and governments of all nations take related measures to prevent lead poisoning of children. In the late 19th century and early 20th century， the United Kingdom carried out a reform movement especially for industrial disease of lead poisoning. UK also prohibited the use of heat stabilizer of lead salt in drinking water pipelines. In 1994， Denmark， Sweden， Finland and Iceland cosigned the proposal of long-term lead prohibition. In 2008， the United Stated submitted to the White House an act of anti-lead for children’s toys， which was said to be the strictest lead standard in the world. Besides， European， Canada， New Zealand， Australia and many other countries made laws to forbid the use of electronic products with toxic substance like lead.
儿童铅中毒，作为最重要的环境卫生担忧之一，已经成为全球关注的重点。目前，世卫组织和各国政府都采取了相应措施预防和避免儿童铅中毒事件。19世纪末20世纪初期，英国开展了专门对抗铅中毒工业病的改革运动。英国更禁止铅盐热稳定剂用于饮水管道。1994年，丹麦、瑞典、芬兰和冰岛共同签署提议，长期禁用铅。2008年，美国参议院向白宫递交儿童玩具禁铅法案，据说该法案划定了世界上最严格的含铅量标准。除此之外，欧盟、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚等国也纷纷立法禁止铅等有毒物质在电子电器产品中的使用。
China has also made specific regulations on the lead content of indoor finishing materials. Regulations define that soluble lead content of heavy metal content of solvent wood coatings， interior wall paint， wood furniture and wall paper cannot exceed 90mg/kg. As early as 2009， Zhou Shengxian， Director of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China， “urged to deal with heavy metal pollution through new methods and appealed to ‘take effective measures’ to prevent the pollution of lead materials.”
WHO said that at present there is no recognized safe levels of lead exposure and safe density of blood lead， but lead poisoning can be prevented.
中国也早就对室内环境装饰装修材料标准中的铅含量做了明确的规定。规定中指出，溶剂型的木器涂料重金属含量、内墙涂料、木家具重金属含量、壁纸重金属含量的可溶性铅含量都不得超过90mg/kg。早在2009年，中国环境保护部部长周生贤就曾“敦促通过新的方法处理重金属污染，呼吁采取‘有力措施’防止铅等材料的污染”。
世卫组织表示，目前没有已知并被认为安全的铅接触水平，也没有已知的安全血铅浓度，但铅中毒完全可以得到预防。