By removing a part of the structure,the tooth preparation provides restorative space,bonding surface,and finish line for various restorations on abutment.Prepar
Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, incl
Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the r
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are characterized by their self-renewing capacity and differentiation potential into multiple tissues. Thus,management of the diffe
A growing number of studies have reported that mini-implants do not remain in exactly the same position during treatment, although they remain stable. The aim o
Tooth development relies on sequential and reciprocal interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues, and it is continuously regulated by a variety