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荷兰共和国是17世纪欧洲最强大的国家。那么环境史对理解荷兰这段扶摇直上的历史有何帮助呢?荷兰人的权力和利益网伸入自然景观、人的躯体和各式各样的生产关系之中,其规模之大乃整个地球史上所未见。从东南亚出产香料的岛屿到北大西洋的渔场,从巴西东北部的甘蔗种植园到北欧的森林,所有这一切在大17世纪(约1557—1763年)都被荷兰所领导的资本主义整合、改造。本文将荷兰资本主义的发展看做一个社会生态过程,重点考察波罗的海及其附近地区的商品前沿。多个前沿的展开为荷兰的资本换来了廉价的食品和原材料(木材及其他林产品),而这一点对其在欧洲其他地区和美洲实施商品经济的改造至关重要。欧洲内部的商品前沿与南大西洋地区的商品前沿非常相像,尤其是蔗糖生产对社会生态环境敲骨吸髓的盘剥和利用。目前学术界对此类前沿在资本主义发展过程中的重要作用已有共识,但相关研究还很薄弱。商品前沿对世界历史进程的破坏作用有二:第一,它以最快捷的方式榨取诸如森林、田地、矿山和人群(即劳动力)等生态财富,因而破坏了生产的社会生态条件,通常会在50年至75年的周期内令任何一地丧失赚取高额利润的条件;第二,一旦某一地区的生态财富价值下降,表现在该地在世界市场上失去了竞争力,资本家便开始搜索下一个商品前沿。
The Republic of Holland is the 17th century Europe’s most powerful country. So how can environmental history help to understand the soaring history of the Netherlands? The power and interest network of the Dutch extends into the natural landscape, the human body, and all kinds of relations of production, Never seen From the islands of Southeast Asia producing spices to the fisheries of the North Atlantic, from sugar-cane plantations in northeastern Brazil to the Nordic forests, all this was consolidated and transformed by the Dutch-led capitalism in the 17th century (about 1557-1763) . This paper regards the development of Dutch capitalism as a social ecological process, with a focus on the commodity frontier in the Baltic Sea and its vicinity. The unfolding of multiple fronts has brought in cheap capital goods and raw materials (timber and other forest products) for the Dutch capital, which is of crucial importance to its transformation of the commodity economy in the rest of Europe and in the Americas. The frontier of goods within Europe resembles the frontier of goods in the South Atlantic, in particular the exploitation and utilization of sucrose production on the social and ecological environment. At present, there is consensus in academia on the important role of such front in the development of capitalism, but the relevant research is still weak. First, it squeezes the ecological wealth such as forests, fields, mines and people (that is, labor force) in the quickest way, thereby undermining the social and ecological conditions of production, usually in the process of Second, once the value of ecological wealth in a particular area has declined, as shown by the loss of competitiveness of that place in world markets, the capitalist begins to lose the opportunity to earn high profits in any period of 50 to 75 years. Search for the next product frontier.