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19世纪中叶以降,中日两国分别以“洋务运动”(始于1861年)和“明治维新”(始于1868年)大略同期步入近代化进程。因变革深广度的差异,历三十年,至19世纪末叶,中日国力悬殊(弱方的清朝并不自知)。1894年7月,蓄谋已久的日本挑起战端,清朝消极应战,日军在朝鲜、辽东重创清朝陆师,在黄海完败北洋舰队。1895年4月,“海陆
In the mid-19th century, China and Japan respectively entered the process of modernization in the same period with ”Westernization Movement“ (from 1861) and ”Meiji Restoration“ (from 1868) respectively. Due to the differences in the breadth of the changes, the strength of the two countries lags far behind each other from the 30 years to the end of the 19th century (the weak side of the Qing Dynasty did not know it). In July 1894, Japan, a long-awaited warfare, provoked the war-torn end and the Qing dynasty responded negatively. The Japanese army severed the Qing Dynasty land division in North Korea and Liaodong and defeated the Northern Fleet in the Yellow Sea. April 1895, ”sea and land